1.
Stuart Airlie. Private Bodies and the Body Politic in the Divorce Case of Lothar II. Past & Present [Internet]. 1998;(161):3–38. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/651071?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=%27Private%20bodies%20and%20the%20body%20politic%20in%20the%20divorce%20case%20of%20Lothar%20II%27&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2527Private%2Bbodies%2Band%2Bthe%2Bbody%2Bpolitic%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bdivorce%2Bcase%2Bof%2BLothar%2BII%2527%26amp%3Bprq%3Dsn%253A00312746%2BAND%2Byear%253A1998%26amp%3Bhp%3D25%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Doff%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bso%3Drel
   
  
    2.
Arjava A. Women and law in late antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1996.
    
  
    3.
Balzaretti R. ‘Men and Sex in Tenth Century Italy’. In: Masculinity in medieval Europe. London: Longman; 1999. p. 143–59.
    
  
    4.
Cooper, Kate. The Gender of Grace: Impotence, Servitude, and Manliness in the Fifth-Century West. Gender and History [Internet]. 1 AD;551(3). Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0424.00199/abstract
   
  
    5.
Frantzen AJ. Before the closet: same-sex love from Beowulf to Angels in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1998.
    
  
    6.
Halsall G. ‘Material culture, sex, gender and transgression in sixth-century Gaul: some reflections in the light of recent archaeological debate’. In: Indecent exposure: sexuality, society and the archaeological record. Glasgow: Cruithne Press; 2001. p. 130–46.
    
  
    7.
Leyser C. ‘Cities of the Plain: the rhetoric of sodomy in Peter Damian’s Book of Gomorrah’. Romanic review. 1995;86:191–211.
    
  
    8.
Markus RA. Augustine : a defence of Christian mediocrity. In: The end of ancient Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990. p. 45–62.
    
  
    9.
Mazo Karras R. ‘Sexuality in the Middle Ages’. In: The medieval world [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2001. p. 279–93. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=5259881
   
  
    10.
Karras RM. Sexuality in medieval Europe: doing unto others. Abingdon: Routledge; 2005.
    
  
    11.
Meens R. Ritual purity and the influence of Gregory the Great in the Early Middle Ages. Vol. Studies in church history, Unity and diversity in the church: papers read at the 1994 Summer Meeting and the 1995 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Oxford: Blackwell; 1996.
    
  
    12.
Murray J. ‘Historicizing sex, sexualizing history’. In: Writing medieval history. London: Hodder Arnold; 2005. p. 133–52.
    
  
    13.
Bentley M. ‘Family, Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages’. In: Companion to historiography. London: Routledge; 1997.
    
  
    14.
Nancy F. Partner. No Sex, No Gender. Speculum [Internet]. 1993;68(2):419–43. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2864559?origin=crossref
   
  
    15.
Payer PJ. Sex and the penitentials: the development of a sexual code, 550-1150. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1984.
    
  
    16.
Skinner P. Women in Medieval Italian society 500-1200. Vol. Women and men in history. Harlow: Pearson Education; 2001.
    
  
    17.
Smith JMH. Men and Women. In: Europe after Rome: a new cultural history, 500-1000. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005. p. 115–47.
    
  
    18.
Bennett JM, Karras RM. The Oxford handbook of women and gender in medieval Europe [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/book/doi/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.001.0001
   
  
    19.
Karras RM, MyiLibrary. Unmarriages: women, men, and sexual unions in the Middle Ages [Internet]. 1st ed. Vol. Middle Ages series. Philadelphia [Pa.]: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2012. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=3441935
   
  
    20.
McKitterick R, Abulafia D, Allmand CT, Reuter T, Jones M, Luscombe DE, et al. ‘The sources and their interpretation’. In: The new Cambridge medieval history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995.
    
  
    21.
McKitterick R. ‘Introduction: sources and interpretation’. In: The new Cambridge medieval history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995.
    
  
    22.
Brozyna MA. Gender and sexuality in the Middle Ages: a medieval source documents reader. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co; 2005.
    
  
    23.
Brozyna MA. Gender and sexuality in the Middle Ages: a medieval source documents reader. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co; 2005.
    
  
    24.
Dutton PE. Carolingian civilization: a reader. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press; 1993.
    
  
    25.
Manchester Medieval Sources Online - Manchester University Press [Internet]. Available from: http://manchester.metapress.com/content/H6520V
   
  
    26.
Internet Medieval Sourcebooks [Internet]. Available from: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.asp
   
  
    27.
Foucault M. ‘The Battle for Chastity’. In: Western sexuality: practice and precept in past and present times. Oxford: Blackwell; 1985. p. 14–25.
    
  
    28.
Garton S. Histories of sexuality [Internet]. London: Equinox; 2004. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1166397
   
  
    29.
Hadley DM. 'Fear and fantasy: sexuality and medieval societies’. In: Indecent exposure: sexuality, society and the archaeological record. Glasgow: Cruithne Press; 2001. p. 179–200.
    
  
    30.
Harper A, Proctor C. Medieval sexuality: a casebook [Internet]. Vol. Routledge medieval casebooks. New York: Routledge; 2008. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=325055
   
  
    31.
Mazo Karras R. ‘Sexuality in the Middle Ages’. In: The medieval world [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2001. p. 279–93. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=5259881
   
  
    32.
Karras RM. Sexuality in Medieval Europe: doing unto others [Internet]. 3rd ed. London: Routledge; 2017. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=4790132
   
  
    33.
Nelson JL. ‘Family, Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages’. In: Companion to historiography. London: Routledge; 1997.
    
  
    34.
Boswell J. ‘Revolutions, universals and sexual categories’. In: Hidden from history. London: Penguin Books; 1991. p. 17–36.
    
  
    35.
Hekma G. ‘A history of sexology: social and historical aspects of sexuality’. In: From Sappho to De Sade: moments in the history of sexuality. London: Routledge; 1989. p. 173–93.
    
  
    36.
Lochrie K, McCracken P, Schultz JA, ebrary, Inc. Constructing medieval sexuality [Internet]. Vol. Medieval cultures. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press; 1997. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=310411
   
  
    37.
Murray J. ‘Historicizing sex, sexualizing history’. In: Writing medieval history. London: Hodder Arnold; 2005. p. 133–52.
    
  
    38.
Padgug RA. ‘Sexual matters: on conceptualising sexuality in History’. In: Hidden from history. London: Penguin Books; 1991. p. 54–64.
    
  
    39.
Nancy F. Partner. No Sex, No Gender. Speculum [Internet]. 1993;68(2):419–43. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2864559
   
  
    40.
Brozyna MA. Gender and sexuality in the Middle Ages: a medieval source documents reader. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co; 2005.
    
  
    41.
Bailey LK. ‘These Are Not Men’: Sex and Drink in the Sermons of Caesarius of Arles. Journal of Early Christian Studies. 2007;15(1):23–43.
    
  
    42.
David Brakke. Ethiopian Demons: Male Sexuality, the Black-Skinned Other, and the Monastic Self. Journal of the History of Sexuality [Internet]. 2001;10(3):501–35. Available from: https://www-jstor-org.nottingham.idm.oclc.org/stable/3704758?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
   
  
    43.
Brown P, Lamont R. Sexuality and Society : Augustine. In: The body and society: men, women, and sexual renunciation in early Christianity. Twentieth anniversary ed. with a new introduction. New York: Columbia University Press; 2008. p. 387–427.
    
  
    44.
Brown P. ‘East and West. The New Marital Morality’. In: A history of private life. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1987. p. 297–311.
    
  
    45.
Dyas D, Hughes E. The Bible in Western culture: the student’s guide. London: Routledge; 2005.
    
  
    46.
Gender and the End of Empire. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies [Internet]. 2004 Nov 3;34(1):17–39. Available from: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_medieval_and_early_modern_studies/v034/34.1halsall.html
   
  
    47.
Markus RA. The end of ancient Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
    
  
    48.
Balzaretti R. ‘Men and Sex in Tenth Century Italy’. In: Masculinity in medieval Europe [Internet]. London: Longman; 1999. p. 143–59. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=4186304
   
  
    49.
Balzaretti R. Chapter 5, ‘Liutprand of Cremona’s Sense of Humour’. In: Humour, history and politics in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 114–28. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/reader.action?docID=202231&ppg=130
   
  
    50.
Bishop J. ‘Bishops as marital advisers in the ninth century’. In: Women of the medieval world: essays in honor of John H Mundy. Oxford: Blackwell; 1985. p. 53–84.
    
  
    51.
Brundage JA. ‘Sin, Crime and the Pleasures of the Flesh’. In: The medieval world [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2001. p. 294–307. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=5259881
   
  
    52.
Cubitt C. ‘Virginity and misogyny in Tenth- and Eleventh-Century England’. Gender and History [Internet]. 2000;12(1):1–32. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0424.00170/abstract
   
  
    53.
Karras RM. Sexuality in Medieval Europe: doing unto others [Internet]. 3rd ed. London: Routledge; 2017. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=4790132
   
  
    54.
Moore RI. Sex and the Social Order. In: The first European revolution, c 970-1215. Oxford: Blackwell; 2000. p. 65–111.
    
  
    55.
John M. Riddle. Oral Contraceptives and Early-Term Abortifacients during Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Past & Present [Internet]. 1991;(132):3–32. Available from: https://www-jstor-org.nottingham.idm.oclc.org/stable/650819?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
   
  
    56.
Sheehan M. ‘Sexuality, Marriage, Celibacy, and the Family in Central and Northern Italy: Christian Legal and Moral Guides in the Early Middle Ages’. In: The family in Italy from antiquity to the present. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1991. p. 168–83.
    
  
    57.
Elliott D. ‘Pollution, Illusion and Masculine Discovery: Nocturnal Emissions and the sexuality of the Clergy’. In: Constructing medieval sexuality [Internet]. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press; 1997. p. 1–23. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=310411
   
  
    58.
Flint VIJ. The rise of magic in early medieval Europe. Oxford: Clarendon; 1993.
    
  
    59.
Wood I. Incest, law and the Bible in sixth-century Gaul. Early Medieval Europe. 2003 Feb 26;7(3):291–303.
    
  
    60.
Mueller MM, Caesarius, ebrary, Inc. Sermons: Volume 1 (1-80) [Internet]. Vol. The fathers of the church : a new translation. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, in association with Consortium Books; 2004. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=3134799
   
  
    61.
Amt E. Women’s lives in medieval Europe: a sourcebook. New York: Routledge; 1993.
    
  
    62.
Hochstetler D. ‘The meaning of monastic cloister for women according to Caesarius of Arles’. In: Religion, culture, and society in the early Middle Ages: studies in honor of Richard E Sullivan. Kalamazoo, Mich: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University; 1987. p. 27–40.
    
  
    63.
Klingshirn WE, Caesarius. Caesarius of Arles: life, testament, letters [Internet]. Vol. Translated texts for historians. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press; 1994. Available from: https://nottingham.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9780853233688
   
  
    64.
Klingshirn WE. Caesarius of Arles: the making of a Christian community in late antique Gaul. Vol. Cambridge studies in Medieval life and thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994.
    
  
    65.
Klingshirn WE. ‘Caesarius’ monastery for women in Arles and the composition and function of the “Vita  Caesarii”. Revue bénédictine. 1990;100:441–81.
    
  
    66.
Leyser C. Authority and asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great. Vol. Oxford historical monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 2000.
    
  
    67.
Zimmerman OJ, Gregory, ebrary, Inc. Dialogues [Internet]. Vol. The Fathers of the church, a new translation. New York: Fathers of the Church, Inc; 1959. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=3134868
   
  
    68.
Davis H, Gregory. Pastoral care. Vol. Ancient Christian writers. Westminster, Md: Newman Press; 1950.
    
  
    69.
Bliss J, Gregory. Morals on the book of Job. Vol. Library of fathers of the Holy Catholic Church. Oxford: John Henry Parker; 1844.
    
  
    70.
McClure J, Collins R, Bede. The ecclesiastical history of the English people: The greater chronicle ; Bede’s letter to Egbert [Internet]. Vol. World’s classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1900623
   
  
    71.
Collins R. Chapter 27, VIII question. In: The ecclesiastical history of the English people: The greater chronicle ; Bede’s letter to Egbert. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994. p. 47–52.
    
  
    72.
McCarthy C. Love, sex and marriage in the Middle Ages: a sourcebook [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2004. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1517630
   
  
    73.
Wallace-Hadrill JM. Bede’s Ecclesiastical history of the English people: a historical commentary. Vol. Oxford medieval texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1988.
    
  
    74.
Amos TL. ‘Monks and pastoral care in the early middle ages’. In: Religion, culture, and society in the early Middle Ages: studies in honor of Richard E Sullivan. Kalamazoo, Mich: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University; 1987. p. 165–80.
    
  
    75.
Brown PRL. The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000 [Internet]. 10th anniversary rev. ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1118492
   
  
    76.
Chadwick H, Oxford University Press. The church in ancient society: from Galilee to Gregory the Great [Internet]. Vol. Oxford history of the Christian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/book/doi/10.1093/0199246955.001.0001
   
  
    77.
Gameson R. St Augustine and the conversion of England. Stroud: Sutton; 1999.
    
  
    78.
Leyser C. ‘Masculinity in Flux: Nocturnal Emission and the Limits of Celibacy in the Early Middle Ages’. In: Masculinity in medieval Europe [Internet]. London: Longman; 1999. p. 103–20. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=4186304
   
  
    79.
Markus RA. Gregory the Great and his world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997.
    
  
    80.
Meens R. ‘Ritual purity and the influence of Gregory the Great in the Early Middle Ages’. Studies in medieval culture. 1993;32.
    
  
    81.
Meens R. ‘Questioning ritual purity: the influence of Gregory the Great’s answers to Augustine’s queries about childbirth, menstruation and sexuality’. In: St Augustine and the conversion of England. Stroud: Sutton; 1999. p. 174–86.
    
  
    82.
Stuart Airlie. Private Bodies and the Body Politic in the Divorce Case of Lothar II. Past & Present [Internet]. 1998;(161):3–38. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/651071
   
  
    83.
Nelson JL. ‘Queens as Jezebels’. In: Medieval women. Oxford: Blackwell, for the Ecclesiastical History Society; 1978.
    
  
    84.
Nelson JL. ‘Parents, children and the Church in the earlier Middle Ages’. In: The church and childhood: papers read at the 1993 Summer Meeting and the 1994 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Oxford: Published for the Ecclesiastical History Society by Blackwell; 1994.
    
  
    85.
Nelson JL. ‘Family, Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages’. In: Companion to historiography. London: Routledge; 1997.
    
  
    86.
Skinner P. Women in Medieval Italian society 500-1200. Vol. Women and men in history. Harlow: Pearson Education; 2001.
    
  
    87.
Stafford P. Unification and conquest: a political and social history of England in the tenth and eleventh centuries. London: Edward Arnold; 1989.
    
  
    88.
Lifshitz F. Beyond Positivism and Genre: ‘Hagiographical’ Texts as Historical Narrative - Viator - Volume 25, Volume 25 / 1994 - Brepols Publishers. 1994;95–113. Available from: http://www.metapress.com/content/j6lmp6254624503g/
   
  
    89.
McNamara JA, Halborg JE, Whatley EG. Sainted women of the Dark Ages. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 1992.
    
  
    90.
Brown PRL. The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000. 2nd ed. Vol. Making of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell; 2002.
    
  
    91.
Swanson RN, Ecclesiastical History Society. Gender and Christian religion: papers read at the 1996 Summer Meeting and the 1997 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Vol. Studies in church history. Woodbridge, Va: Published for the Ecclesiastical History Society by the Boydell Press; 1998.
    
  
    92.
McKitterick R, Abulafia D, Allmand CT, Reuter T, Jones M, Luscombe DE, et al. The new Cambridge medieval history [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-cambridge-medieval-history/EBDBC366EDD4D89D60BDBA7EBDB9EFDE
   
  
    93.
Schulenberg JT. ‘Saints and Sex, ca. 500-1000’. In: Medieval sexuality: a research guide [Internet]. New York: Garland; 1990. p. 203–31. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=5638893
   
  
    94.
Wood I. The Merovingian kingdoms, 450-751 [Internet]. London: Longman; 1994. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1717665
   
  
    95.
Thorpe LGM, Gregory. The history of the Franks. Vol. Penguin classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin; 1974.
    
  
    96.
Halsall G. ‘Material culture, sex, gender and transgression in sixth-century Gaul: some reflections in the light of recent archaeological debate’. In: Indecent exposure: sexuality, society and the archaeological record. Glasgow: Cruithne Press; 2001. p. 130–46.
    
  
    97.
Halsall G, ebrary, Inc. Cemeteries and society in Merovingian Gaul: selected studies in history and archaeology, 1992-2009 [Internet]. Vol. Brill’s series on the early Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill; 2010. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=635020
   
  
    98.
Heinzelmann M. Gregory of Tours: history and society in the sixth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
    
  
    99.
Nancy F. Partner. No Sex, No Gender. Speculum [Internet]. 1993;68(2):419–43. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2864559
   
  
    100.
Shanzer D. ‘History, Romance, Love, and Sex in Gregory of Tours’ Decem Libri Historiarum’. In: The world of Gregory of Tours. Leiden: Brill; 2002. p. 395–418.
    
  
    101.
Peters E, Foulke WD, Paul. History of the Lombards [Internet]. Vol. Middle Ages series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2003. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=3441503
   
  
    102.
Balzaretti R. Theodelinda, ‘Most Glorious Queen’: Gender and Power in Lombard Italy. The Medieval History Journal. 1999 Oct 1;2(2):183–207.
    
  
    103.
Balzaretti R. Sexuality in Late Lombard Italy, c.700-c.800 AD. In: Medieval sexuality: a casebook [Internet]. New York: Routledge; 2008. p. 9–20. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/reader.action?docID=325055&ppg=18
   
  
    104.
Balzaretti R. ‘Fatherhood in Late Lombard Italy’. In: Gender and historiography: studies in the earlier middle ages in honour of Pauline Stafford [Internet]. London: Institute of Historical Research; 2012. p. 9–20. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv5139fw
   
  
    105.
Martínez Pizarro J. Writing Ravenna: the Liber pontificalis of Andreas Agnellus. Vol. Recentiores. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1995.
    
  
    106.
Skinner P. Women in Medieval Italian society 500-1200. Vol. Women and men in history. Harlow: Pearson Education; 2001.
    
  
    107.
Arjava A. Women and law in late antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1996.
    
  
    108.
Arjava A. Sexual relations outside marriage. In: Women and law in late antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1996. p. 193–229.
    
  
    109.
Clanchy M. ‘Medieval mentalities and primitive legal practice’. In: Law, laity and solidarities: essays in honour of Susan Reynolds [Internet]. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2001. p. 83–94. Available from: https://www.manchesterhive.com/display/9781526148285/9781526148285.00009.xml?chapterBody=pdf
   
  
    110.
To the Limits of Kinship. In: From Sappho to De Sade: moments in the history of sexuality [Internet]. Abingdon: Routledge; 2014. p. 36–59. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/reader.action?docID=1721043&ppg=49
   
  
    111.
Karras RM. Sexuality in medieval Europe: doing unto others [Internet]. Abingdon: Routledge; 2005. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=4790132
   
  
    112.
Reynolds S. ‘Medieval Law’. In: The medieval world [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2001. p. 485–502. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=5259881
   
  
    113.
‘Between the lines: queer theory, the history of homosexuality and Anglo-Saxon penitentials’. The journal of medieval and early modern studies. 1996;26.
    
  
    114.
Frantzen AJ. Before the closet: same-sex love from Beowulf to Angels in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1998.
    
  
    115.
Hamilton S. ‘The Unique Flavour of Penance: the Church and the People, c.800-c.1100’. In: The medieval world [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2001. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=5259881
   
  
    116.
Gamer HM, McNeill JT. Medieval handbooks of penance: a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents. Vol. Records of Western civilization. New York: Columbia University Press; 1990.
    
  
    117.
Payer PJ. Sex and the penitentials: the development of a sexual code, 550-1150 [Internet]. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1984. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=5747846
   
  
    118.
Brown PRL. The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000. 2nd ed. Vol. Making of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell; 2002.
    
  
    119.
McNeill J, Gamer HM. Penitentials of the Anglo-Saxon Church.   Section 1. The Penitential of Theodore. In: Medieval handbooks of penance: a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents. New York: Columbia University Press; 1990. p. 179–215.
    
  
    120.
McCarthy C. Love, sex and marriage in the Middle Ages: a sourcebook [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2004. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1517630
   
  
    121.
Charles-Edwards T. ‘The Penitentials of Theodore and the Iudicia Theodorici’. In: Archbishop Theodore: commemorative studies on his life and influence [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995. p. 141–74. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archbishop-theodore/716A1DDACA713F16ECD5E28D8CAD4F9A
   
  
    122.
Gamer HM, McNeill JT. Medieval handbooks of penance: a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents. Vol. Records of Western civilization. New York: Columbia University Press; 1990.
    
  
    123.
Drew KF. ‘Laws’. In: The Lombard laws. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1973.
    
  
    124.
Balzaretti R. "These are things that men do, not women”: the social regulation of female violence in Langobard Italy’. In: Violence and society in the early medieval West. Woodbridge: Boydell Press; 1998.
    
  
    125.
Balzaretti R. ‘Masculine Authority and State Identity in Liutprandic Italy’. In: Die Langobarden: Herrschaft und Identität. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 2005. p. 363–84.
    
  
    126.
Skinner PE. Lombard Life, 568-774. In: Women in Medieval Italian society 500-1200. Harlow: Pearson Education; 2001. p. 34–67.
    
  
    127.
Loyn HR, Percival J. Capitularies. In: The reign of Charlemagne: documents on Carolingian government and administration. London: Edward Arnold; 1975.
    
  
    128.
King PD. Charlemagne: translated sources. Lambrigg, Kendal, Cumbria: P.D. King; 1987.
    
  
    129.
Dutton PE. Carolingian civilization: a reader. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press; 1993.
    
  
    130.
Balzaretti R. ‘Sexual cultures in the early medieval West’. In: Indecent exposure: sexuality, society and the archaeological record. Glasgow: Cruithne Press; 2001. p. 147–61.
    
  
    131.
Brown PRL. The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000. 2nd ed. Vol. Making of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell; 2002.
    
  
    132.
Collins R. Charlemagne. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1998.
    
  
    133.
Nelson JL. ‘Women at the Court of Charlemagne: a case of monstrous regiment?’ In: Medieval queenship [Internet]. Stroud: Alan Sutton; 1998. p. 43–62. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/reader.action?docID=6581208&ppg=51
   
  
    134.
Story J. Charlemagne: empire and society. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2005.
    
  
    135.
Emerton E, Noble TFX, Boniface. The letters of Saint Boniface. Vol. Records of Western civilization. New York: Columbia University Press; 2000.
    
  
    136.
Talbot CH, Boniface. The Anglo-Saxon missionaries in Germany: being the lives of SS. Willibrord, Boniface, Sturm, Leoba and Lebuin, together with the Hodeporicon of St. Willibald and a selection from the correspondence of St. Boniface. Pbk. ed. Vol. Spiritual masters. London: Sheed and Ward; 1981.
    
  
    137.
Noble TFX, Head T. Soldiers of Christ: saints and saints lives from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages [Internet]. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press; 1995. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=5309544
   
  
    138.
Cotter-Lynch M. ‘Re-reading Leoba, or Hagiography as Compromise’ [Internet]. Available from: http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1846&context=mff
   
  
    139.
Fell C. ‘Some Implications of the Boniface Correspondence’. In: New readings on women in Old English literature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 1990. p. 29–43.
    
  
    140.
Foot S. Veiled women. Vol. Studies in early medieval Britain. Aldershot: Ashgate; 2000.
    
  
    141.
Hen Y. ‘"Miles Christi Utriusque Sexus”: Gender and the Politics of Conversion in the Circle of Boniface’. Revue bénédictine. 1999;109:17–31.
    
  
    142.
Hollis S. Anglo-Saxon women and the church: sharing a common fate. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press; 1992.
    
  
    143.
Nelson J. ‘Women and the Word in the Earlier Middle Ages’. In: Women in the church: papers read at the 1989 Summer Meeting and the 1990 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Oxford: For the Ecclesiastical History Society by Blackwell; 1990. p. 53–78.
    
  
    144.
Palmer J. The ‘vigorous rule’ of Bishop Lull: between Bonifatian mission and Carolingian church control. Early Medieval Europe. 2005 July 5;13(3):249–76.
    
  
    145.
Palmer JT. Anglo-Saxons in a Frankish world, 690-900. Vol. Studies in the early Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols; 2009.
    
  
    146.
Stuart Airlie. Private Bodies and the Body Politic in the Divorce Case of Lothar II. Past & Present [Internet]. 1998;(161):3–38. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/651071
   
  
    147.
Coon LL, ebrary, Inc. Dark age bodies: gender and monastic practice in the early medieval West [Internet]. Vol. The Middle Ages series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2011. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=3441644
   
  
    148.
De Jong M. The penitential state: authority and atonement in the age of Louis the Pious, 814-840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
    
  
    149.
Garver VL, ebrary, Inc. Women and aristocratic culture in the Carolingian world [Internet]. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 2009. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=3138019
   
  
    150.
Heidecker KJ. The divorce of Lothar II: Christian marriage and political power in the Carolingian world. Vol. Conjunctions of religion and power in the medieval past. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 2010.
    
  
    151.
MacLean S. Kingship and politics in the late ninth century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire [Internet]. Vol. Cambridge studies in Medieval life and thought. Fourth series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=218104
   
  
    152.
Nelson J. ‘Parents, children and the Church in the earlier Middle Ages’. In: The church and childhood: papers read at the 1993 Summer Meeting and the 1994 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Oxford: Published for the Ecclesiastical History Society by Blackwell; 1995.
    
  
    153.
Nelson JL. Charles the Bald [Internet]. Vol. Medieval world. London: Longman; 1992. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1710696
   
  
    154.
Stone R, MyiLibrary. Morality and masculinity in the Carolingian empire [Internet]. Vol. Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought. Fourth series. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=807323
   
  
    155.
Story J. Charlemagne: empire and society. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 2005.
    
  
    156.
Ward E. ‘Caesar’s Wife. The Career of the Empress Judith, 819-829’. In: Charlemagne’s heir: new perspectives on the reign of Louis the Pious (814-840). Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1990. p. 205–27.
    
  
    157.
Kuefler M. The Boswell thesis: essays on Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2006.
    
  
    158.
Internet History Sourcebooks Project [Internet]. Available from: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/index-med.asp
   
  
    159.
Internet History Sourcebooks Project [Internet]. Available from: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/index-bos.asp
   
  
    160.
Boswell J. Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century [Internet]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1980. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=432194
   
  
    161.
Boswell J, MyiLibrary. Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century [Internet]. Chicago [Ill.]: University of Chicago Press; 1980. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=432194
   
  
    162.
Frantzen AJ. Before the closet: same-sex love from Beowulf to Angels in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1998.
    
  
    163.
Karras RM. Sexuality in medieval Europe: doing unto others [Internet]. Abingdon: Routledge; 2005. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=4790132
   
  
    164.
Leyser C. ‘Cities of the Plain: the rhetoric of sodomy in Peter Damian’s Book of Gomorrah’. Romanic review. 1995;86:191–211.
    
  
    165.
Payer PJ. Appendix D, Homosexuality and the Penitentials. In: Sex and the penitentials: the development of a sexual code, 550-1150 [Internet]. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1984. p. 135–9. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/reader.action?docID=5747846&ppg=148
   
  
    166.
Wittig M. The straight mind and other essays. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf; 1992.
    
  
    167.
Sandford S. Sexmat, revisited. Radical philosophy [Internet]. 2007;145:28–35. Available from: https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/sexmat-revisited
   
  
    168.
Garton S. ‘Making Heterosexuality’. In: Histories of sexuality [Internet]. London: Equinox; 2004. p. 81–100. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1166397
   
  
    169.
Review by: James A. Schultz. Heterosexuality as a Threat to Medieval Studies. Journal of the History of Sexuality [Internet]. 2006;15(1):14–29. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4617242
   
  
    170.
Frantzen AJ. Before the closet: same-sex love from Beowulf to Angels in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1998.
    
  
    171.
Karras RM. Prostitution and the Question of Sexual Identity in Medieval Europe. Journal of Women’s History. 1999;11(2):159–77.
    
  
    172.
Karras RM. Sexuality in medieval Europe: doing unto others [Internet]. Abingdon: Routledge; 2005. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=4790132
   
  
    173.
Mazo Karras R. ‘Knighthood, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Sodomy’. In: The Boswell thesis: essays on Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2006.
    
  
    174.
Bristow J. Sexuality [Internet]. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge; 2011. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=667937
   
  
    175.
Gamer HM, McNeill JT. Penitential. In: Medieval handbooks of penance: a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents. New York: Columbia University Press; 1990. p. 295–314.
    
  
    176.
de Jong M. ‘To the Limits of Kinship: anti-incest legislation in the early medieval West (500- 900)’. In: From Sappho to De Sade: moments in the history of sexuality. London: Routledge; 1989. p. 36–59.
    
  
    177.
Peter R. McKeon. Archbishop Ebbo of Reims (816-835): A Study in the Carolingian Empire and Church. Church History [Internet]. 1974;43(4):437–47. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/3164920
   
  
    178.
Payer PJ. Sex and the penitentials: the development of a sexual code, 550-1150. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1984.
    
  
    179.
Manchester Medieval Sources Online - Manchester University Press [Internet]. Available from: http://manchester.metapress.com/content/H6520V
   
  
    180.
Dutton PE. Carolingian civilization: a reader. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press; 1993.
    
  
    181.
Heidecker KJ. The divorce of Lothar II: Christian marriage and political power in the Carolingian world. Vol. Conjunctions of religion and power in the medieval past. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 2010.
    
  
    182.
Stone R, MyiLibrary. Morality and masculinity in the Carolingian empire [Internet]. Vol. Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought. Fourth series. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=807323
   
  
    183.
Neel C, Dhuoda. Handbook for William: a Carolingian woman’s counsel for her son. Vol. Regents studies in medieval culture. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press; 1991.
    
  
    184.
Thiébaux M, Dhuoda. Dhuoda, Handbook for her warrior son: Liber manualis. Vol. Cambridge medieval classics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998.
    
  
    185.
Nelson J. ‘Parents, children and the Church in the earlier Middle Ages’. Vol. Studies in church history, The church and childhood: papers read at the 1993 Summer Meeting and the 1994 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Oxford: Published for the Ecclesiastical History Society by Blackwell; 1994.
    
  
    186.
Nelson J. Dhuoda. In: Lay intellectuals in the Carolingian world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
    
  
    187.
Stevenson J. Women Latin poets: language, gender, and authority, from antiquity to the eighteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
    
  
    188.
Hamilton S. Inquiring into Adultery and Other Wicked Deeds: Episcopal Justice in Tenth- and Early Eleventh-Century Italy - Viator - Volume 41, Number 2 / 2010 - Brepols Publishers [Internet]. Available from: http://www.metapress.com/content/u007w77t00218141/
   
  
    189.
Reid PLD, Ratherius. The complete works of Rather of Verona. Vol. Medieval&Renaissance Texts&Studies. Binghamton, N.Y.: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies; 1991.
    
  
    190.
Fichtenau H. Living in the tenth century: mentalities and social orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1991.
    
  
    191.
Miller MC. The formation of a medieval church: ecclesiastical change in Verona, 950-1150. Ithaca: Cornell University Press; 1993.
    
  
    192.
Norwich JJ, Liudprand. The embassy to Constantinople and other writings. Vol. Everyman’s library. London: Dent; 1993.
    
  
    193.
Squatriti P, Liudprand. The complete works of Liudprand of Cremona. Vol. Medieval texts in translation. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press; 2007.
    
  
    194.
Balzaretti R. ‘Men and Sex in Tenth Century Italy’. In: Masculinity in medieval Europe. London: Longman; 1999. p. 143–59.
    
  
    195.
Balzaretti R. ‘Liutprand of Cremona’s Sense of Humour’. In: Humour, history and politics in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 114–28. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=202231
   
  
    196.
The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona, trans. Paolo Squatriti (2007) - Nottingham Medieval Studies - Volume 52, Volume 52 / 2008 - Brepols Publishers [Internet]. Available from: http://www.metapress.com/content/d733562825073730/
   
  
    197.
Buc P. The dangers of ritual: between early medieval texts and social scientific theory. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 2001.
    
  
    198.
Fichtenau H. Living in the tenth century: mentalities and social orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1991.
    
  
    199.
Leyser K. Rule and conflict in an early medieval society: Ottonian Saxony. London: Edward Arnold; 1979.
    
  
    200.
Leyser K, Reuter T. Communications and power in medieval Europe: the Carolingian and Ottonian centuries. London: Hambledon Press; 1994.
    
  
    201.
Wilson KM. Pelagius. In: Medieval women writers. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1984. p. 114–24.
    
  
    202.
Wilson KM, Hrotsvitha. The plays of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim. Vol. Garland library of medieval literature. Series B. New York: Garland; 1989.
    
  
    203.
Wilson KM, Hrotsvitha. Dulcitus. In: The plays of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim. New York: Garland; 1989.
    
  
    204.
Bonfante L, Hrotsvitha. The plays of Hrotswitha of Gandersheim. Oak Park, Ill: Bolchazy-Carducci; 1986.
    
  
    205.
Dronke P. Women writers of the Middle Ages: a critical study of texts from Perpetua [d.] 203 to Marguerite Porete [d.] 1310. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1984.
    
  
    206.
Fichtenau H. Living in the tenth century: mentalities and social orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1991.
    
  
    207.
Leyser K. Rule and conflict in an early medieval society: Ottonian Saxony. London: Edward Arnold; 1979.
    
  
    208.
Noble TFX, Head T. Soldiers of Christ: saints and saints lives from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press; 1995.
    
  
    209.
Baker D. ‘The Whole World a Hermitage: ascetic renewal and the crisis of Western Monasticism’. In: The Culture of Christendom: essays in medieval history in in commemoration of Denis LT Bethell. London: Hambledon Press; 1993.
    
  
    210.
Constable G. ‘Cluny in the monastic world of the tenth century’. Il secolo di ferro: mito e realtà del secolo X. 1991;Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull’alto Medioevo:371–438.
    
  
    211.
Frassetto M. Medieval purity and piety: essays on medieval clerical celibacy and religious reform. Vol. Garland reference library of the humanities. New York: Garland; 1998.
    
  
    212.
Christopher A. Jones. Monastic Identity and Sodomitic Danger in the ‘Occupatio’ by Odo of Cluny. Speculum [Internet]. 2007;82(1):1–53. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20464015
   
  
    213.
Nelson J. 'Monks, Secular Men and Masculinity, c.900’. In: Masculinity in medieval Europe. London: Longman; 1999. p. 121–43.
    
  
    214.
Noble TFX. ‘Secular sanctity’. In: Lay intellectuals in the Carolingian world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
    
  
    215.
Still J. What Foucault fails to acknowledge …: feminists and The history of sexuality. 1994.
    
  
    216.
Leyser C. Long-haired kings and short-haired nuns. 1992.