1
Stuart Airlie. Private Bodies and the Body Politic in the Divorce Case of Lothar II. Past & Present. 1998;3–38.
2
Arjava A. Women and law in late antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1996.
3
Balzaretti R. ‘Men and Sex in Tenth Century Italy’. Masculinity in medieval Europe. London: Longman 1999:143–59.
4
Cooper, Kate. The Gender of Grace: Impotence, Servitude, and Manliness in the Fifth-Century West. Gender and History. 1 AD;551. doi: 10.1111/1468-0424.00199
5
Frantzen AJ. Before the closet: same-sex love from Beowulf to Angels in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1998.
6
Halsall G. ‘Material culture, sex, gender and transgression in sixth-century Gaul: some reflections in the light of recent archaeological debate’. Indecent exposure: sexuality, society and the archaeological record. Glasgow: Cruithne Press 2001:130–46.
7
Leyser C. ‘Cities of the Plain: the rhetoric of sodomy in Peter Damian’s Book of Gomorrah’. Romanic review. 1995;86:191–211.
8
Markus RA. Augustine : a defence of Christian mediocrity. The end of ancient Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1990:45–62.
9
Mazo Karras R. ‘Sexuality in the Middle Ages’. The medieval world. London: Routledge 2001:279–93.
10
Karras RM. Sexuality in medieval Europe: doing unto others. Abingdon: Routledge 2005.
11
Meens R. Ritual purity and the influence of Gregory the Great in the Early Middle Ages. Unity and diversity in the church: papers read at the 1994 Summer Meeting and the 1995 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. 1996;Studies in church history.
12
Murray J. ‘Historicizing sex, sexualizing history’. Writing medieval history. London: Hodder Arnold 2005:133–52.
13
Bentley M. ‘Family, Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages’. Companion to historiography. London: Routledge 1997.
14
Nancy F. Partner. No Sex, No Gender. Speculum. 1993;68:419–43.
15
Payer PJ. Sex and the penitentials: the development of a sexual code, 550-1150. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1984.
16
Skinner P. Women in Medieval Italian society 500-1200. Harlow: Pearson Education 2001.
17
Smith JMH. Men and Women. Europe after Rome: a new cultural history, 500-1000. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005:115–47.
18
Bennett JM, Karras RM. The Oxford handbook of women and gender in medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013.
19
Karras RM, MyiLibrary. Unmarriages: women, men, and sexual unions in the Middle Ages. 1st ed. Philadelphia [Pa.]: University of Pennsylvania Press 2012.
20
McKitterick R, Abulafia D, Allmand CT, et al. ‘The sources and their interpretation’. The new Cambridge medieval history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995.
21
McKitterick R. ‘Introduction: sources and interpretation’. The new Cambridge medieval history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995.
22
Brozyna MA. Gender and sexuality in the Middle Ages: a medieval source documents reader. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co 2005.
23
Brozyna MA. Gender and sexuality in the Middle Ages: a medieval source documents reader. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co 2005.
24
Dutton PE. Carolingian civilization: a reader. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press 1993.
25
Manchester Medieval Sources Online - Manchester University Press. http://manchester.metapress.com/content/H6520V
26
Internet Medieval Sourcebooks. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.asp
27
Foucault M. ‘The Battle for Chastity’. Western sexuality: practice and precept in past and present times. Oxford: Blackwell 1985:14–25.
28
Garton S. Histories of sexuality. London: Equinox 2004.
29
Hadley DM. 'Fear and fantasy: sexuality and medieval societies’. Indecent exposure: sexuality, society and the archaeological record. Glasgow: Cruithne Press 2001:179–200.
30
Harper A, Proctor C. Medieval sexuality: a casebook. New York: Routledge 2008.
31
Mazo Karras R. ‘Sexuality in the Middle Ages’. The medieval world. London: Routledge 2001:279–93.
32
Karras RM. Sexuality in Medieval Europe: doing unto others. 3rd ed. London: Routledge 2017.
33
Nelson JL. ‘Family, Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages’. Companion to historiography. London: Routledge 1997.
34
Boswell J. ‘Revolutions, universals and sexual categories’. Hidden from history. London: Penguin Books 1991:17–36.
35
Hekma G. ‘A history of sexology: social and historical aspects of sexuality’. From Sappho to De Sade: moments in the history of sexuality. London: Routledge 1989:173–93.
36
Lochrie K, McCracken P, Schultz JA, et al. Constructing medieval sexuality. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press 1997.
37
Murray J. ‘Historicizing sex, sexualizing history’. Writing medieval history. London: Hodder Arnold 2005:133–52.
38
Padgug RA. ‘Sexual matters: on conceptualising sexuality in History’. Hidden from history. London: Penguin Books 1991:54–64.
39
Nancy F. Partner. No Sex, No Gender. Speculum. 1993;68:419–43.
40
Brozyna MA. Gender and sexuality in the Middle Ages: a medieval source documents reader. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co 2005.
41
Bailey LK. ‘These Are Not Men’: Sex and Drink in the Sermons of Caesarius of Arles. Journal of Early Christian Studies. 2007;15:23–43. doi: 10.1353/earl.2007.0011
42
David Brakke. Ethiopian Demons: Male Sexuality, the Black-Skinned Other, and the Monastic Self. Journal of the History of Sexuality. 2001;10:501–35.
43
Brown P, Lamont R. Sexuality and Society : Augustine. The body and society: men, women, and sexual renunciation in early Christianity. New York: Columbia University Press 2008:387–427.
44
Brown P. ‘East and West. The New Marital Morality’. A history of private life. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1987:297–311.
45
Dyas D, Hughes E. The Bible in Western culture: the student’s guide. London: Routledge 2005.
46
Gender and the End of Empire. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. 2004;34:17–39.
47
Markus RA. The end of ancient Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1990.
48
Balzaretti R. ‘Men and Sex in Tenth Century Italy’. Masculinity in medieval Europe. London: Longman 1999:143–59.
49
Balzaretti R. Chapter 5, ‘Liutprand of Cremona’s Sense of Humour’. Humour, history and politics in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002:114–28.
50
Bishop J. ‘Bishops as marital advisers in the ninth century’. Women of the medieval world: essays in honor of John H. Mundy. Oxford: Blackwell 1985:53–84.
51
Brundage JA. ‘Sin, Crime and the Pleasures of the Flesh’. The medieval world. London: Routledge 2001:294–307.
52
Cubitt C. ‘Virginity and misogyny in Tenth- and Eleventh-Century England’. Gender and History. 2000;12:1–32. doi: 10.1111/1468-0424.00170
53
Karras RM. Sexuality in Medieval Europe: doing unto others. 3rd ed. London: Routledge 2017.
54
Moore RI. Sex and the Social Order. The first European revolution, c. 970-1215. Oxford: Blackwell 2000:65–111.
55
John M. Riddle. Oral Contraceptives and Early-Term Abortifacients during Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Past & Present. 1991;3–32.
56
Sheehan M. ‘Sexuality, Marriage, Celibacy, and the Family in Central and Northern Italy: Christian Legal and Moral Guides in the Early Middle Ages’. The family in Italy from antiquity to the present. New Haven: Yale University Press 1991:168–83.
57
Elliott D. ‘Pollution, Illusion and Masculine Discovery: Nocturnal Emissions and the sexuality of the Clergy’. Constructing medieval sexuality. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press 1997:1–23.
58
Flint VIJ. The rise of magic in early medieval Europe. Oxford: Clarendon 1993.
59
Wood I. Incest, law and the Bible in sixth-century Gaul. Early Medieval Europe. 2003;7:291–303. doi: 10.1111/1468-0254.00031
60
Mueller MM, Caesarius, ebrary, Inc. Sermons: Volume 1 (1-80). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, in association with Consortium Books 2004.
61
Amt E. Women’s lives in medieval Europe: a sourcebook. New York: Routledge 1993.
62
Hochstetler D. ‘The meaning of monastic cloister for women according to Caesarius of Arles’. Religion, culture, and society in the early Middle Ages: studies in honor of Richard E. Sullivan. Kalamazoo, Mich: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University 1987:27–40.
63
Klingshirn WE, Caesarius. Caesarius of Arles: life, testament, letters. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 1994.
64
Klingshirn WE. Caesarius of Arles: the making of a Christian community in late antique Gaul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994.
65
Klingshirn WE. ‘Caesarius’ monastery for women in Arles and the composition and function of the “Vita Caesarii”. Revue bénédictine. 1990;100:441–81.
66
Leyser C. Authority and asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great. Oxford: Clarendon Press 2000.
67
Zimmerman OJ, Gregory, ebrary, Inc. Dialogues. New York: Fathers of the Church, Inc 1959.
68
Davis H, Gregory. Pastoral care. Westminster, Md: Newman Press 1950.
69
Bliss J, Gregory. Morals on the book of Job. Oxford: John Henry Parker 1844.
70
McClure J, Collins R, Bede. The ecclesiastical history of the English people: The greater chronicle ; Bede’s letter to Egbert. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1994.
71
Collins R. Chapter 27, VIII question. The ecclesiastical history of the English people: The greater chronicle ; Bede’s letter to Egbert. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1994:47–52.
72
McCarthy C. Love, sex and marriage in the Middle Ages: a sourcebook. London: Routledge 2004.
73
Wallace-Hadrill JM. Bede’s Ecclesiastical history of the English people: a historical commentary. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1988.
74
Amos TL. ‘Monks and pastoral care in the early middle ages’. Religion, culture, and society in the early Middle Ages: studies in honor of Richard E. Sullivan. Kalamazoo, Mich: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University 1987:165–80.
75
Brown PRL. The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000. 10th anniversary rev. ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell 2013.
76
Chadwick H, Oxford University Press. The church in ancient society: from Galilee to Gregory the Great. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001.
77
Gameson R. St Augustine and the conversion of England. Stroud: Sutton 1999.
78
Leyser C. ‘Masculinity in Flux: Nocturnal Emission and the Limits of Celibacy in the Early Middle Ages’. Masculinity in medieval Europe. London: Longman 1999:103–20.
79
Markus RA. Gregory the Great and his world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997.
80
Meens R. ‘Ritual purity and the influence of Gregory the Great in the Early Middle Ages’. Studies in medieval culture. 1993;32.
81
Meens R. ‘Questioning ritual purity: the influence of Gregory the Great’s answers to Augustine’s queries about childbirth, menstruation and sexuality’. St Augustine and the conversion of England. Stroud: Sutton 1999:174–86.
82
Stuart Airlie. Private Bodies and the Body Politic in the Divorce Case of Lothar II. Past & Present. 1998;3–38.
83
Nelson JL. ‘Queens as Jezebels’. Medieval women. Oxford: Blackwell, for the Ecclesiastical History Society 1978.
84
Nelson JL. ‘Parents, children and the Church in the earlier Middle Ages’. The church and childhood: papers read at the 1993 Summer Meeting and the 1994 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Oxford: Published for the Ecclesiastical History Society by Blackwell 1994.
85
Nelson JL. ‘Family, Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages’. Companion to historiography. London: Routledge 1997.
86
Skinner P. Women in Medieval Italian society 500-1200. Harlow: Pearson Education 2001.
87
Stafford P. Unification and conquest: a political and social history of England in the tenth and eleventh centuries. London: Edward Arnold 1989.
88
Lifshitz F. Beyond Positivism and Genre: ‘Hagiographical’ Texts as Historical Narrative - Viator - Volume 25, Volume 25 / 1994 - Brepols Publishers. 1994;95–113.
89
McNamara JA, Halborg JE, Whatley EG. Sainted women of the Dark Ages. Durham, NC: Duke University Press 1992.
90
Brown PRL. The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell 2002.
91
Swanson RN, Ecclesiastical History Society. Gender and Christian religion: papers read at the 1996 Summer Meeting and the 1997 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Woodbridge, Va: Published for the Ecclesiastical History Society by the Boydell Press 1998.
92
McKitterick R, Abulafia D, Allmand CT, et al. The new Cambridge medieval history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995.
93
Schulenberg JT. ‘Saints and Sex, ca. 500-1000’. Medieval sexuality: a research guide. New York: Garland 1990:203–31.
94
Wood I. The Merovingian kingdoms, 450-751. London: Longman 1994.
95
Thorpe LGM, Gregory. The history of the Franks. Harmondsworth: Penguin 1974.
96
Halsall G. ‘Material culture, sex, gender and transgression in sixth-century Gaul: some reflections in the light of recent archaeological debate’. Indecent exposure: sexuality, society and the archaeological record. Glasgow: Cruithne Press 2001:130–46.
97
Halsall G, ebrary, Inc. Cemeteries and society in Merovingian Gaul: selected studies in history and archaeology, 1992-2009. Leiden: Brill 2010.
98
Heinzelmann M. Gregory of Tours: history and society in the sixth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001.
99
Nancy F. Partner. No Sex, No Gender. Speculum. 1993;68:419–43.
100
Shanzer D. ‘History, Romance, Love, and Sex in Gregory of Tours’ Decem Libri Historiarum’. The world of Gregory of Tours. Leiden: Brill 2002:395–418.
101
Peters E, Foulke WD, Paul. History of the Lombards. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2003.
102
Balzaretti R. Theodelinda, ‘Most Glorious Queen’: Gender and Power in Lombard Italy. The Medieval History Journal. 1999;2:183–207. doi: 10.1177/097194589900200201
103
Balzaretti R. Sexuality in Late Lombard Italy, c.700-c.800 AD. Medieval sexuality: a casebook. New York: Routledge 2008:9–20.
104
Balzaretti R. ‘Fatherhood in Late Lombard Italy’. Gender and historiography: studies in the earlier middle ages in honour of Pauline Stafford. London: Institute of Historical Research 2012:9–20.
105
Martínez Pizarro J. Writing Ravenna: the Liber pontificalis of Andreas Agnellus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 1995.
106
Skinner P. Women in Medieval Italian society 500-1200. Harlow: Pearson Education 2001.
107
Arjava A. Women and law in late antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1996.
108
Arjava A. Sexual relations outside marriage. Women and law in late antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1996:193–229.
109
Clanchy M. ‘Medieval mentalities and primitive legal practice’. Law, laity and solidarities: essays in honour of Susan Reynolds. Manchester: Manchester University Press 2001:83–94.
110
To the Limits of Kinship. From Sappho to De Sade: moments in the history of sexuality. Abingdon: Routledge 2014:36–59.
111
Karras RM. Sexuality in medieval Europe: doing unto others. Abingdon: Routledge 2005.
112
Reynolds S. ‘Medieval Law’. The medieval world. London: Routledge 2001:485–502.
113
‘Between the lines: queer theory, the history of homosexuality and Anglo-Saxon penitentials’. The journal of medieval and early modern studies. 1996;26.
114
Frantzen AJ. Before the closet: same-sex love from Beowulf to Angels in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1998.
115
Hamilton S. ‘The Unique Flavour of Penance: the Church and the People, c.800-c.1100’. The medieval world. London: Routledge 2001.
116
Gamer HM, McNeill JT. Medieval handbooks of penance: a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents. New York: Columbia University Press 1990.
117
Payer PJ. Sex and the penitentials: the development of a sexual code, 550-1150. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1984.
118
Brown PRL. The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell 2002.
119
McNeill J, Gamer HM. Penitentials of the Anglo-Saxon Church. Section 1. The Penitential of Theodore. Medieval handbooks of penance: a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents. New York: Columbia University Press 1990:179–215.
120
McCarthy C. Love, sex and marriage in the Middle Ages: a sourcebook. London: Routledge 2004.
121
Charles-Edwards T. ‘The Penitentials of Theodore and the Iudicia Theodorici’. Archbishop Theodore: commemorative studies on his life and influence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995:141–74.
122
Gamer HM, McNeill JT. Medieval handbooks of penance: a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents. New York: Columbia University Press 1990.
123
Drew KF. ‘Laws’. The Lombard laws. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1973.
124
Balzaretti R. "These are things that men do, not women”: the social regulation of female violence in Langobard Italy’. Violence and society in the early medieval West. Woodbridge: Boydell Press 1998.
125
Balzaretti R. ‘Masculine Authority and State Identity in Liutprandic Italy’. Die Langobarden: Herrschaft und Identität. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 2005:363–84.
126
Skinner PE. Lombard Life, 568-774. Women in Medieval Italian society 500-1200. Harlow: Pearson Education 2001:34–67.
127
Loyn HR, Percival J. Capitularies. The reign of Charlemagne: documents on Carolingian government and administration. London: Edward Arnold 1975.
128
King PD. Charlemagne: translated sources. Lambrigg, Kendal, Cumbria: P.D. King 1987.
129
Dutton PE. Carolingian civilization: a reader. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press 1993.
130
Balzaretti R. ‘Sexual cultures in the early medieval West’. Indecent exposure: sexuality, society and the archaeological record. Glasgow: Cruithne Press 2001:147–61.
131
Brown PRL. The rise of Western Christendom: triumph and diversity, A.D. 200-1000. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell 2002.
132
Collins R. Charlemagne. Basingstoke: Macmillan 1998.
133
Nelson JL. ‘Women at the Court of Charlemagne: a case of monstrous regiment?’ Medieval queenship. Stroud: Alan Sutton 1998:43–62.
134
Story J. Charlemagne: empire and society. Manchester: Manchester University Press 2005.
135
Emerton E, Noble TFX, Boniface. The letters of Saint Boniface. New York: Columbia University Press 2000.
136
Talbot CH, Boniface. The Anglo-Saxon missionaries in Germany: being the lives of SS. Willibrord, Boniface, Sturm, Leoba and Lebuin, together with the Hodeporicon of St. Willibald and a selection from the correspondence of St. Boniface. Pbk. ed. London: Sheed and Ward 1981.
137
Noble TFX, Head T. Soldiers of Christ: saints and saints lives from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 1995.
138
Cotter-Lynch M. ‘Re-reading Leoba, or Hagiography as Compromise’. http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1846&context=mff
139
Fell C. ‘Some Implications of the Boniface Correspondence’. New readings on women in Old English literature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1990:29–43.
140
Foot S. Veiled women. Aldershot: Ashgate 2000.
141
Hen Y. ‘"Miles Christi Utriusque Sexus”: Gender and the Politics of Conversion in the Circle of Boniface’. Revue bénédictine. 1999;109:17–31.
142
Hollis S. Anglo-Saxon women and the church: sharing a common fate. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press 1992.
143
Nelson J. ‘Women and the Word in the Earlier Middle Ages’. Women in the church: papers read at the 1989 Summer Meeting and the 1990 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Oxford: For the Ecclesiastical History Society by Blackwell 1990:53–78.
144
Palmer J. The ‘vigorous rule’ of Bishop Lull: between Bonifatian mission and Carolingian church control. Early Medieval Europe. 2005;13:249–76. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0254.2005.00158.x
145
Palmer JT. Anglo-Saxons in a Frankish world, 690-900. Turnhout: Brepols 2009.
146
Stuart Airlie. Private Bodies and the Body Politic in the Divorce Case of Lothar II. Past & Present. 1998;3–38.
147
Coon LL, ebrary, Inc. Dark age bodies: gender and monastic practice in the early medieval West. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2011.
148
De Jong M. The penitential state: authority and atonement in the age of Louis the Pious, 814-840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009.
149
Garver VL, ebrary, Inc. Women and aristocratic culture in the Carolingian world. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2009.
150
Heidecker KJ. The divorce of Lothar II: Christian marriage and political power in the Carolingian world. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2010.
151
MacLean S. Kingship and politics in the late ninth century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2003.
152
Nelson J. ‘Parents, children and the Church in the earlier Middle Ages’. The church and childhood: papers read at the 1993 Summer Meeting and the 1994 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Oxford: Published for the Ecclesiastical History Society by Blackwell 1995.
153
Nelson JL. Charles the Bald. London: Longman 1992.
154
Stone R, MyiLibrary. Morality and masculinity in the Carolingian empire. New York: Cambridge University Press 2012.
155
Story J. Charlemagne: empire and society. Manchester: Manchester University Press 2005.
156
Ward E. ‘Caesar’s Wife. The Career of the Empress Judith, 819-829’. Charlemagne’s heir: new perspectives on the reign of Louis the Pious (814-840). Oxford: Clarendon Press 1990:205–27.
157
Kuefler M. The Boswell thesis: essays on Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2006.
158
Internet History Sourcebooks Project. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/index-med.asp
159
Internet History Sourcebooks Project. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/index-bos.asp
160
Boswell J. Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1980.
161
Boswell J, MyiLibrary. Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century. Chicago [Ill.]: University of Chicago Press 1980.
162
Frantzen AJ. Before the closet: same-sex love from Beowulf to Angels in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1998.
163
Karras RM. Sexuality in medieval Europe: doing unto others. Abingdon: Routledge 2005.
164
Leyser C. ‘Cities of the Plain: the rhetoric of sodomy in Peter Damian’s Book of Gomorrah’. Romanic review. 1995;86:191–211.
165
Payer PJ. Appendix D, Homosexuality and the Penitentials. Sex and the penitentials: the development of a sexual code, 550-1150. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1984:135–9.
166
Wittig M. The straight mind and other essays. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf 1992.
167
Sandford S. Sexmat, revisited. Radical philosophy. 2007;145:28–35.
168
Garton S. ‘Making Heterosexuality’. Histories of sexuality. London: Equinox 2004:81–100.
169
Review by: James A. Schultz. Heterosexuality as a Threat to Medieval Studies. Journal of the History of Sexuality. 2006;15:14–29.
170
Frantzen AJ. Before the closet: same-sex love from Beowulf to Angels in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1998.
171
Karras RM. Prostitution and the Question of Sexual Identity in Medieval Europe. Journal of Women’s History. 1999;11:159–77. doi: 10.1353/jowh.1999.0005
172
Karras RM. Sexuality in medieval Europe: doing unto others. Abingdon: Routledge 2005.
173
Mazo Karras R. ‘Knighthood, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Sodomy’. The Boswell thesis: essays on Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2006.
174
Bristow J. Sexuality. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge 2011.
175
Gamer HM, McNeill JT. Penitential. Medieval handbooks of penance: a translation of the principal libri poenitentiales and selections from related documents. New York: Columbia University Press 1990:295–314.
176
de Jong M. ‘To the Limits of Kinship: anti-incest legislation in the early medieval West (500- 900)’. From Sappho to De Sade: moments in the history of sexuality. London: Routledge 1989:36–59.
177
Peter R. McKeon. Archbishop Ebbo of Reims (816-835): A Study in the Carolingian Empire and Church. Church History. 1974;43:437–47.
178
Payer PJ. Sex and the penitentials: the development of a sexual code, 550-1150. Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1984.
179
Manchester Medieval Sources Online - Manchester University Press. http://manchester.metapress.com/content/H6520V
180
Dutton PE. Carolingian civilization: a reader. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press 1993.
181
Heidecker KJ. The divorce of Lothar II: Christian marriage and political power in the Carolingian world. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2010.
182
Stone R, MyiLibrary. Morality and masculinity in the Carolingian empire. New York: Cambridge University Press 2012.
183
Neel C, Dhuoda. Handbook for William: a Carolingian woman’s counsel for her son. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1991.
184
Thiébaux M, Dhuoda. Dhuoda, Handbook for her warrior son: Liber manualis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998.
185
Nelson J. ‘Parents, children and the Church in the earlier Middle Ages’. The church and childhood: papers read at the 1993 Summer Meeting and the 1994 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. 1994;Studies in church history.
186
Nelson J. Dhuoda. Lay intellectuals in the Carolingian world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2007.
187
Stevenson J. Women Latin poets: language, gender, and authority, from antiquity to the eighteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005.
188
Hamilton S. Inquiring into Adultery and Other Wicked Deeds: Episcopal Justice in Tenth- and Early Eleventh-Century Italy - Viator - Volume 41, Number 2 / 2010 - Brepols Publishers. http://www.metapress.com/content/u007w77t00218141/
189
Reid PLD, Ratherius. The complete works of Rather of Verona. Binghamton, N.Y.: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies 1991.
190
Fichtenau H. Living in the tenth century: mentalities and social orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1991.
191
Miller MC. The formation of a medieval church: ecclesiastical change in Verona, 950-1150. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1993.
192
Norwich JJ, Liudprand. The embassy to Constantinople and other writings. London: Dent 1993.
193
Squatriti P, Liudprand. The complete works of Liudprand of Cremona. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press 2007.
194
Balzaretti R. ‘Men and Sex in Tenth Century Italy’. Masculinity in medieval Europe. London: Longman 1999:143–59.
195
Balzaretti R. ‘Liutprand of Cremona’s Sense of Humour’. Humour, history and politics in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2002:114–28.
196
The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona, trans. Paolo Squatriti (2007) - Nottingham Medieval Studies - Volume 52, Volume 52 / 2008 - Brepols Publishers. http://www.metapress.com/content/d733562825073730/
197
Buc P. The dangers of ritual: between early medieval texts and social scientific theory. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 2001.
198
Fichtenau H. Living in the tenth century: mentalities and social orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1991.
199
Leyser K. Rule and conflict in an early medieval society: Ottonian Saxony. London: Edward Arnold 1979.
200
Leyser K, Reuter T. Communications and power in medieval Europe: the Carolingian and Ottonian centuries. London: Hambledon Press 1994.
201
Wilson KM. Pelagius. Medieval women writers. Manchester: Manchester University Press 1984:114–24.
202
Wilson KM, Hrotsvitha. The plays of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim. New York: Garland 1989.
203
Wilson KM, Hrotsvitha. Dulcitus. The plays of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim. New York: Garland 1989.
204
Bonfante L, Hrotsvitha. The plays of Hrotswitha of Gandersheim. Oak Park, Ill: Bolchazy-Carducci 1986.
205
Dronke P. Women writers of the Middle Ages: a critical study of texts from Perpetua [d.] 203 to Marguerite Porete [d.] 1310. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1984.
206
Fichtenau H. Living in the tenth century: mentalities and social orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1991.
207
Leyser K. Rule and conflict in an early medieval society: Ottonian Saxony. London: Edward Arnold 1979.
208
Noble TFX, Head T. Soldiers of Christ: saints and saints lives from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 1995.
209
Baker D. ‘The Whole World a Hermitage: ascetic renewal and the crisis of Western Monasticism’. The Culture of Christendom: essays in medieval history in in commemoration of Denis L.T. Bethell. London: Hambledon Press 1993.
210
Constable G. ‘Cluny in the monastic world of the tenth century’. Il secolo di ferro: mito e realtà del secolo X. 1991;Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull’alto Medioevo:371–438.
211
Frassetto M. Medieval purity and piety: essays on medieval clerical celibacy and religious reform. New York: Garland 1998.
212
Christopher A. Jones. Monastic Identity and Sodomitic Danger in the ‘Occupatio’ by Odo of Cluny. Speculum. 2007;82:1–53.
213
Nelson J. 'Monks, Secular Men and Masculinity, c.900’. Masculinity in medieval Europe. London: Longman 1999:121–43.
214
Noble TFX. ‘Secular sanctity’. Lay intellectuals in the Carolingian world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2007.
215
Still J. What Foucault fails to acknowledge …: feminists and The history of sexuality. 1994.
216
Leyser C. Long-haired kings and short-haired nuns. 1992.
