Bibliography for M32080 Youth Crime and Justice BETA

Arthur, Raymond. Young Offenders and the Law: How the Law Responds to Youth Offending. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010.

Audit Commission. ‘Briefing: Misspent Youth ’98’, 1998. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091009065536/audit-commission.gov.uk/products/national-report/7c38f5a0-c744-4362-a6c6-90a12d52258d/archive_misyth98.pdf.

Audit Commission for Local Authorities and the National Health Service in England and Wales. Misspent Youth: Young People and Crime. Vol. National report / Audit Commission. London: The Commission, 1996.

Bateman, T. ‘Trends in Detected Youth Crime and Contemporary State Responses’. Youth Crime & Justice. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2015.

———. ‘Who Pulled the Plug? Towards an Explanation of the Fall in Child Imprisonment in England and Wales’. Youth Justice 12.1 (2012): 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225411435616.

Bateman, Tim. Trends in Detected Youth Crime and Contemporary State Responses. Youth Crime & Justice. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2015.

Best, Richard and Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. Select Committee on Communications. Social Media and Criminal Offences: 1st Report of Session 2014-15. Vol. HL Paper. London: Stationery Office, 2014.

Bishop, Jonathan. ‘The Art of Trolling Law Enforcement: A Review and Model for Implementing ‘flame Trolling’ Legislation Enacted in Great Britain (1981–2012)’. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 27.3 (2013): 301–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2013.796706.

Bottomley, A. Keith, K. Pease, and Open University. Crime and Punishment: Interpreting the Data. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1986.

Bottoms, Anthony. ‘On the Decriminalisation of the English Juvenile Court’. Crime, Criminology and Public Policy: Essays in Honour of Sir Leon Radzinowicz. London: Heinemann Educational, 1974.

Bowling, Ben, and Coretta Phillips. ‘Disproportionate and Discriminatory: Reviewing the Evidence on Police Stop and Search’. Modern Law Review 70 (2007). http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/modlr70&div=60&start_page=936&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults.

———. ‘Disproportionate and Discriminatory: Reviewing the Evidence on Police Stop and Search’. Modern Law Review 70 (2007). http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/modlr70&div=60&start_page=936&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults.

Braithwaite, John. Crime, Shame, and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Briggs, Daniel. ‘Conceptualising Risk and Need: The Rise of Actuarialism and the Death of Welfare? Practitioner Assessment and Intervention in the Youth Offending Service’. Youth Justice 13.1 (2013): 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480212474732.

———. ‘Conceptualising Risk and Need: The Rise of Actuarialism and the Death of Welfare? Practitioner Assessment and Intervention in the Youth Offending Service’. Youth Justice 13.1 (2013): 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480212474732.

Brookman, Fiona, and Harriet Pierpoint. ‘Access to Legal Advice for Young Suspects and Remand Prisoners’ (2003). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1468-2311.2003.00300.x/epdf.

———. ‘Access to Legal Advice for Young Suspects and Remand Prisoners’ (2003). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1468-2311.2003.00300.x/epdf.

Brotherton, David. Youth Street Gangs: A Critical Appraisal. Vol. New directions in critical criminology. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=2034079.

Brown, David C., T. Ellis, Karen Larcombe, and Great Britain. Home Office. Research and Planning Unit. Changing the Code: Police Detention under the Revised PACE Codes of Practice. Vol. Home Office research study. London: H.M.S.O, 1992.

———. Changing the Code: Police Detention under the Revised PACE Codes of Practice. Vol. Home Office research study. London: H.M.S.O, 1992.

Brown, Sheila. Understanding Youth and Crime. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education, 2005. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=287898.

———. Understanding Youth and Crime. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education, 2005. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=287898.

Bucke, Tom, David C. Brown, and Great Britain. Home Office. Research and Statistics Directorate. In Police Custody: Police Powers and Suspects’ Rights under the Revised PACE Codes of Practice. Vol. Home Office research study. London: Home Office, 1997.

Buckels, Erin E., Paul D. Trapnell, and Delroy L. Paulhus. ‘Trolls Just Want to Have Fun’. Personality and Individual Differences 67 (2014): 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016.

Burnett, R., and C. Appleton. ‘Joined-Up Services to Tackle Youth Crime: A Case-Study in England’. British Journal of Criminology 44.1 (2004): 34–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/44.1.34.

Case, S., and K. Haines. ‘Children First, Offenders Second Positive Promotion: Reframing the Prevention Debate’. Youth Justice 15.3 (2015): 226–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225414563154.

———. ‘Children First, Offenders Second Positive Promotion: Reframing the Prevention Debate’. Youth Justice 15.3 (2015): 226–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225414563154.

Case, Stephen. ‘Negative Youth Justice: Creating the Youth Crime “Problem”’, 2016. http://www.cycj.org.uk/negative-youth-justice-creating-the-youth-crime-problem/.

———. ‘Negative Youth Justice: Creating the Youth Crime “Problem”’, 2016. http://www.cycj.org.uk/negative-youth-justice-creating-the-youth-crime-problem/.

———. ‘Positive Youth Justice: Solving the Youth Crime “problem” with Children First Solutions’, 2016. http://www.profstevecase.com/blog/4592945329/Positive-youth-justice-Solving-the-youth-crime-%E2%80%98problem%E2%80%99-with-children-first-solutions/10966715.

———. ‘Positive Youth Justice: Solving the Youth Crime “problem” with Children First Solutions’, 2016. http://www.profstevecase.com/blog/4592945329/Positive-youth-justice-Solving-the-youth-crime-%E2%80%98problem%E2%80%99-with-children-first-solutions/10966715.

Case, Stephen, and Kevin Haines. ‘Risk Management and Early Intervention: A Critical Analysis’. Youth Crime & Justice. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2015.

Cavadino, Michael, James Dignan, and George Mair. The Penal System: An Introduction. 5th ed. London: SAGE, 2013.

Cesaroni, C., S. Downing, and S. Alvi. ‘Bullying Enters the 21st Century? Turning a Critical Eye to Cyber-Bullying Research’. Youth Justice 12.3 (2012): 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225412459837.

Chesney-Lind, Meda, Randall G. Shelden, and ebrary. Girls, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice. 4th ed. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2014. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1563058.

Clarke, John, Janet Newman, and ebrary, Inc. The Managerial State: Power, Politics and Ideology in the Remaking of Social Welfare. London: SAGE Publications, 1997. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1024075.

Cohen, Albert Kircidel. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. New York: Free Press, 1955.

Cohen, Stanley. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. Vol. Routledge classics. London: Routledge, 2011. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=684015.

———. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. Vol. Routledge classics. London: Routledge, 2011. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=684015.

———. Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985.

Corston, Baroness Jean. ‘The Corston Report’, 2007. http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/corston-report-march-2007.pdf.

Crawford, A., Adam Crawford, and Tim Newburn. ‘Recent Developments in Restorative Justice for Young People in England and Wales: Community Participation and Representation’. British Journal of Criminology 42.3 (2002): 476–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/42.3.476.

Cunneen, C., and B. Goldson. ‘Restorative Justice? A Critical Analysis’. Youth Crime & Justice. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2015.

Daly, Kathleen. ‘Restorative Justice: The Real Story’. Punishment & Society 4.1 (2002): 55–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624740222228464.

———. ‘The Limits of Restorative Justice’, 2006. http://www.antoniocasella.eu/restorative/Daly_2005.pdf.

———. ‘The Limits of Restorative Justice’, 2006. http://www.antoniocasella.eu/restorative/Daly_2005.pdf.

Deakin, Jo. ‘Dangerous People, Dangerous Places: The Nature and Location of Young People’s Victimisation and Fear’. Children <html_ent Glyph="@amp;" Ascii="&"/> Society 20.5 (2006): 376–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2006.00011.x.

———. ‘Dangerous People, Dangerous Places: The Nature and Location of Young People’s Victimisation and Fear’. Children <html_ent Glyph="@amp;" Ascii="&"/> Society 20.5 (2006): 376–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2006.00011.x.

Dignan, J. ‘Juvenile Justice, Criminal Courts and Restorative Justice’. Handbook of Restorative Justice. Cullompton [England]: Willan, 2007. http://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781843926191.

Downes, David M. The Delinquent Solution: A Study in Subcultural Theory. Vol. International library of sociology and social reconstruction. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966.

Dünkel, Frieder, and F. Dunkel. Juvenile Justice Systems in Europe: Current Situation and Reform Developments. Vol. Schriften zum Strafvollzug, Jugendstrafrecht und zur Kriminologie. Mönchengladbach: Forum Verlag Godesberg, 2014.

———. Juvenile Justice Systems in Europe: Current Situation and Reform Developments. Vol. Schriften zum Strafvollzug, Jugendstrafrecht und zur Kriminologie. Mönchengladbach: Forum Verlag Godesberg, 2014.

Earle, R. ‘Creative Tensions? Young Offenders, Restorative Justice and the Introduction        of Referral Orders’. Youth Justice 1.3 (2001): 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/147322540100100302.

Equality and Human Rights Commission. ‘Race Disproportionality in Stops and Searches under Section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994’, 2012. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/research/bp_5_final.pdf.

———. ‘Stop and Think: A Critical Review of the Use of Stop and Search Powers in England and Wales’, 2010. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/raceinbritain/ehrc_stop_and_search_report.pdf.

Feeley, M., and J. Simon. ‘Actuarial Justice: The Emerging New Criminal Law’. The Futures of Criminology. London: Sage, 1994.

Feilzer, M., and R. Hood. ‘Differences or Discrimination? The Summary of the Report on Minority Ethnic Young People in the Youth Justice System’, 2004. http://yjbpublications.justice.gov.uk/Resources/Downloads/Differences%20or%20Discrimination%20-%20Summary.pdf.

Feld, Barry C. Kids, Cops, and Confessions: Inside the Interrogation Room. New York: New York University Press, 2013. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1057773.

———. Kids, Cops, and Confessions: Inside the Interrogation Room. New York: New York University Press, 2013. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1057773.

Fionda, Julia. Devils and Angels: Youth, Policy and Crime. Oxford: Hart, 2005.

———. Devils and Angels: Youth, Policy and Crime. Oxford: Hart, 2005.

———. Devils and Angels: Youth, Policy and Crime. Oxford: Hart, 2005.

———. Devils and Angels: Youth, Policy and Crime. Oxford: Hart, 2005.

Fitzgerald, M. ‘Race, Ethnicity and Crime’. Criminology. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Flood-Page, C., S. Campbell, V. Harrington, and J. Miller. ‘Youth Crime: Findings from the 1998/99 Youth Lifestyles Survey.  Home Office Research Study No. 209’, 2000. http://kb.keepbritaintidy.org/criminaldamage/publications/ylife.pdf.

Garland, David. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Gavin Berman. ‘The August 2011 Riots: A Statistical Summary’ (2012). http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06099.

———. ‘The August 2011 Riots: A Statistical Summary’ (2012). http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06099.

Gelsthorpe, L., and V. Kemp. ‘Juvenile Justice: England and Wales’. Pages 348–50 in Juvenile Justice: International Perspectives, Models, and Trends. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2015. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1604451.

Gelsthorpe, Loraine, and Vicky Kemp. ‘Juvenile Justice: England and Wales’. Juvenile Justice: International Perspectives, Models, and Trends. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2015. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1604451.

———. ‘Juvenile Justice: England and Wales’. Juvenile Justice: International Perspectives, Models, and Trends. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2015. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=1604451.

Gelsthorpe, Loraine, and Alison Morris. ‘Juvenile Justice 1945-1992’. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.

Gilroy, P. ‘The Myth of Black Criminality’. Law, Order and the Authoritarian State: Readings in Critical Criminology. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987.

Goldson, B., and J. Muncie. ‘Children’s Human Rights and Youth Justice with Integrity’. Youth Crime & Justice. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2015.

Goldson, Barry. ‘The Circular Motions of Penal Politics and the Pervasive Irrationalities of Child Imprisonment’. Youth Crime & Justice. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2015.

———. ‘“Unsafe, Unjust and Harmful to Wider Society”: Grounds for Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility in England and Wales’. Youth Justice 13.2 (2013): 111–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225413492054.

———. ‘Youth in Crisis?’ Youth in Crisis?: ‘Gangs’, Territoriality and Violence. London: Routledge, 2011.

———. Youth in Crisis?: ‘Gangs’, Territoriality and Violence. London: Routledge, 2011.

Goldson, Barry, and John Muncie. ‘Children’s Human Rights and Youth Justice with Integrity’. Youth Crime & Justice. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2015.

———. Youth Crime & Justice. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2015.

Goshe, S. ‘Moving Beyond the Punitive Legacy: Taking Stock of Persistent Problems in Juvenile Justice’. Youth Justice 15.1 (2015): 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225414537930.

———. ‘Moving Beyond the Punitive Legacy: Taking Stock of Persistent Problems in Juvenile Justice’. Youth Justice 15.1 (2015): 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225414537930.

———. ‘Moving Beyond the Punitive Legacy: Taking Stock of Persistent Problems in Juvenile Justice’. Youth Justice 15.1 (2015): 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225414537930.

Graham, J., and B. Bowling. ‘Young People and Crime.  Home Office Research Study No. 145’, n.d. http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/17550/1/a3814uab.pdf.

Great Britain. Home Office, and Home Office. ‘No More Excuses: A New Approach to Tackling Youth Crime in England and Wales’. London: Stationery Office, 1997.

Haines, K., and S. Case. ‘Is the Scaled Approach a Failed Approach?’ Youth Justice 12.3 (2012): 212–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225412461212.

———. ‘Is the Scaled Approach a Failed Approach?’ Youth Justice 12.3 (2012): 212–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225412461212.

Haines, K., and D. O’Mahoney. ‘Restorative Approaches, Young People and Youth Justice’. Youth Crime and Justice: Critical Issues. London: Sage, 2006.

Haines, Kevin, and Stephen Case. ‘Positive Youth Justice - Children First, Offenders Second’, 2015. https://policypress.co.uk/positive-youth-justice.

———. ‘Positive Youth Justice - Children First, Offenders Second’, 2015. https://policypress.co.uk/positive-youth-justice.

Haines, Kevin, and Mark Drakeford. Young People and Youth Justice. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.

Hall, Stuart. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. Vol. Critical social studies. London: Macmillan, 1978.

Hall, Stuart, Tony Jefferson, and MyiLibrary. Resistance through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=356177.

Hallsworth, S. ‘Gang Talking Criminologists: A Rejoinder to John Pitts’. Youth and Policy (2014). http://www.youthandpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/hallsworth.pdf.

Hallsworth, S., and D. Brotherton. ‘Urban Disorder and Gangs: A Critique and a Warning’, 2011. http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/UrbanDisorderandGangs-2011.pdf.

Hallsworth, Simon. ‘Gangland Britain? Realities, Fantasies and Industry’. Youth in Crisis?: ‘Gangs’, Territoriality and Violence. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=668411.

———. ‘Gangland Britain? Realities, Fantasies and Industry’. Youth in Crisis?: ‘Gangs’, Territoriality and Violence. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=668411.

Hazel, N. ‘Cross-National Comparison of Youth Justice’. London: YJB, 2008. http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/7996/1/Cross_national_final.pdf.

Hazel, Neal, A. Hagell, and L. Brazier. ‘Young Offenders’ Perceptions of Their Experiences in the Criminal Justice System’, 2002. http://www.researchcatalogue.esrc.ac.uk/grants/R000223427/outputs/read/b4c4c178-9fab-40e9-9d9f-d1b575fd34d8.

———. ‘Young Offenders’ Perceptions of Their Experiences in the Criminal Justice System’, 2002. http://www.researchcatalogue.esrc.ac.uk/grants/R000223427/outputs/read/b4c4c178-9fab-40e9-9d9f-d1b575fd34d8.

Heidensohn, F., and M. Silvestri. ‘Gender and Crime’. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Hendrick, H. ‘Constructions and Reconstructions of British Childhood: An Interpretative Survey, 1800 to the Present’. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood. 2nd ed. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 1997. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=Nottingham&amp;isbn=9780203362600.

———. ‘Histories of Youth Crime and Youth Justice’. Youth Crime & Justice. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2015.

Hoare, J., J. Parfrement-Hopkins, J. Britton, A. Hall, M. Scribbins, and J. Flatley. ‘Children’s Experiences and Attitudes towards the Police, Personal Safety and Public Safety: Findings from the 2009/10 British Crime Survey’, n.d. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/116447/hosb0811.pdf.

Hoare, Jacqueline, Jenny Parfrement-Hopkins, Andrew Britton, Philip Hall Hall Matthew Scribbins (Editor) and John Flatley (Editor), Matthew Scribbins, and John Flatley. ‘Children’s Experience and Attitudes towards the Police, Personal Safety and Public Spaces: Findings from the 2009/10 British Crime Survey Interviews with Children Aged 10 to 15’, 2011. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/116447/hosb0811.pdf.

Hodgson, Jackie. ‘Vulnerable Suspects and the Appropriate Adult’. Criminal Law Review 11 (1997): 785–95.

———. ‘Vulnerable Suspects and the Appropriate Adult’. Criminal Law Review 11 (1997): 785–95.

Hodgson, Jackie, and Vicky Kemp. ‘Ensuring “Appropriate” Protections for Young Suspects’. Interrogating Young Suspects : Procedural Safeguards from a Legal Perspective. Intersentia, 2015.

Hood, Roger, Great Britain. Commission for Racial Equality, and University of Oxford. Centre for Criminological Research. Race and Sentencing. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

Hope, T. ‘What Do Crime Statistics Tell Us?’ Criminology. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Ian Brownlee. ‘New Labour: New Penology? Punitive Rhetoric and the Limits of Managerialism in Criminal Justice Policy’. Journal of Law and Society 25.3 (1998): 313–35. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1410622?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

John, Muncie. ‘The “Punitive” Turn in Juvenile Justice: Cultures of Control and Rights Compliance in Western Europe and the USA’ (2008). http://oro.open.ac.uk/11931/.

———. ‘The “Punitive” Turn in Juvenile Justice: Cultures of Control and Rights Compliance in Western Europe and the USA’ (2008). http://oro.open.ac.uk/11931/.

JOHN PRATT. ‘CORPORATISM: THE THIRD MODEL OF JUVENILE JUSTICE’. British Journal of Criminology 29.3 (1989): 236–54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23638362.

Johnstone, Gerry, and Daniel W. Van Ness. Handbook of Restorative Justice. Cullompton [England]: Willan, 2007. http://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781843926191.

Jones, Trevor, Brian MacLean, Jock Young, and Islington (London, England). Borough Council. The Islington Crime Survey: Crime, Victimization and Policing in Inner-City London. Aldershot: Gower, 1986.

Kelly, L., and V. Armitage. ‘Diverse Diversions: Youth Justice Reform, Localized Practices, and a “New Interventionist Diversion”?’ Youth Justice 15.2 (2015): 117–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225414558331.

———. ‘Diverse Diversions: Youth Justice Reform, Localized Practices, and a “New Interventionist Diversion”?’ Youth Justice 15.2 (2015): 117–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225414558331.

Kemp, V., P. Pleasence, and N. J. Balmer. ‘Children, Young People and Requests for Police Station Legal Advice: 25 Years on from PACE’. Youth Justice 11.1 (2011): 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225410394288.

Kemp, Vicky. ‘Bridewell Legal Advice Study: Interim Report’, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28246/1/Kemp%20BLAST%20Interim%20Report.pdf.

———. ‘Bridewell Legal Advice Study: Interim Report’, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28246/1/Kemp%20BLAST%20Interim%20Report.pdf.

———. ‘“No Time for a Solicitor”: Implications for Delays on the Take-up of Legal Advice’. Criminal Law Review (2013). http://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?src=doc&amp;linktype=ref&amp;context=24&amp;crumb-action=replace&amp;docguid=IC8F1365171A511E29E1FF9BD6D9CE416.

———. ‘“No Time for a Solicitor”: Implications for Delays on the Take-up of Legal Advice’. Criminal Law Review (2013). http://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?src=doc&amp;linktype=ref&amp;context=24&amp;crumb-action=replace&amp;docguid=IC8F1365171A511E29E1FF9BD6D9CE416.

———. ‘PACE, Performance Targets and Legal Protections’. Criminal Law Review (2014). http://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?src=doc&amp;linktype=ref&amp;context=24&amp;crumb-action=replace&amp;docguid=I72A8B6E0A59011E39EF1AE99BF0CD3E4.

Kemp, Vicky, and Nigel Balmer. ‘Criminal Defence Services: Users’ Perspectives: An Interim Report’, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28249/.

Kemp, Vicky, and Jackie Hodgson. ‘England and Wales: Empirical Findings’. Interrogating Young Suspects: Procedural Safeguards from an Empirical Perspective. Edited by Miet Vanderhallen, Marc Van Oosterhout, Michele Panzavolta, and Dorris de Vocht. Vol. Maastricht series in human rights. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Intersentia, n.d.

Kemp, Vicky, Angela Sorsby, Mark Liddle, and Simon Merrington. ‘Assessing_Responses_to_Youth_Offending_in_Northamptonshire’, 2002. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.597.248&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf.

Kirton, D. ‘Young People and Crime’. Criminology. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Kjartan Páll Sveinsson, Kjartan Páll. ‘Criminal Justice v. Racial Justice’, n.d. http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/CriminalJusticeVRacialJustice-2012.pdf.

———. ‘Criminal Justice v. Racial Justice’, n.d. http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/CriminalJusticeVRacialJustice-2012.pdf.

Lacey, Lauren. ‘Youth Justice in England and Wales: Exploring Young Offenders’ Perceptions of Restorative and Procedural Justice in the Referral Order Process’, 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/596/.

———. ‘Youth Justice in England and Wales: Exploring Young Offenders’ Perceptions of Restorative and Procedural Justice in the Referral Order Process’, 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/596/.

———. ‘Youth Justice in England and Wales: Exploring Young Offenders’ Perceptions of Restorative and Procedural Justice in the Referral Order Process’, 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/596/.

M., Panzavolta, Vocht D., Oosterhout M., and Vanderhallen M. Interrogating Young Suspects: Procedural Safeguards from a Legal Perspective. Vol. Maastricht series in human rights. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2015.

Macpherson, William, Tom Cook, John Sentamu, Richard Stone, and Great Britain. Home Office. The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry. Vol. Cm. London: Stationery Office, 1999.

Magery, S. ‘The Invention of Juvenile Delinquency in Early Nineteenth-Century England’. Youth Justice: Critical Readings. London: SAGE in association with the Open University, 2002.

Maguire, M. ‘Criminal Statistics and the Construction of Crime’. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Maguire, Mike, Rod Morgan, and Robert Reiner. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

May, Tiggey, Tracey Gyateng, and Mike Hough. ‘Differential Treatment in the Youth Justice System’, n.d. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/research/differential_treatment_in_the_youth_justice_system_final.pdf.

———. ‘Differential Treatment in the Youth Justice System’, n.d. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/research/differential_treatment_in_the_youth_justice_system_final.pdf.

McAra, L., and McVie S. ‘The Case for Diversion and Minimum Necessary Intervention’. Youth Crime & Justice. 2nd ed. London: SAGE, 2015.

McAra, Lesley, and Susan McVie. ‘“Critical Debates in Developmental and Life-Course Criminology”’. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

McConville, Michael. Standing Accused: The Organisation and Practices of Criminal Defence Lawyers in Britain. Vol. Oxford monographs on criminal law and justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.

McGuire, James. What Works: Reducing Reoffending : Guidelines from Research and Practice. Vol. Wiley series in offender rehabilitation. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

MCLAUGHLIN, E., J. MUNCIE, and G. HUGHES. ‘The Permanent Revolution:: New Labour, New Public Management and the Modernization of Criminal Justice’. Criminology and Criminal Justice 1.3 (2001): 301–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802501001003003.

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———. Understanding Race and Crime. Vol. Crime and justice. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: Open University Press, 2007. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/nottingham/detail.action?docID=316339.

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‘Universal Periodic Review Mid Term Report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies’, 2014. https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/human-rights/uk-upr-mid-term-report-2014.pdf.

‘Universal Periodic Review Mid Term Report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies’, 2014. https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/human-rights/uk-upr-mid-term-report-2014.pdf.

‘Youth Justice Statistics 2014/2015’, 2016. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/495708/youth-justice-statistics-2014-to-2015.pdf.

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