Aasheim V and others, ‘Perineal Techniques during the Second Stage of Labour for Reducing Perineal Trauma’ [1996] Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews <http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD006672.pub2>
Albers, L...[et al], ‘Midwifery Care Measures in the Second Stage of Labor and Reduction of Genital Tract Trauma at Birth: A Randomised Trial’ (2005) 50 Journal of midwifery & women’s health
Albers, L..[et al], ‘Body Mass Index, Midwifery Intrapartum Care, and Childbirth Lacerations’ (2006) 51 Journal of midwifery & women’s health
Albers, L...[et al], ‘Factors Related to Genital Tract Trauma in Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Births’ (2006) 33 Birth
Andrews, Gilly, Women’s Sexual Health (3rd ed, Elsevier 2005)
Andrews, V...[et al], ‘Occult Anal Sphincter Injuries - Myth or Reality?’ (2006) 113 British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
Beckmann, M. M. and A. J. Garratt, ‘Antenatal Perineal Massage for Reducing Perineal Trauma’ [2006] The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Bick DE and others, ‘PErineal Assessment and Repair Longitudinal Study (PEARLS): Protocol for a Matched Pair Cluster Trial’ (2010) 10 BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
——, ‘How Good Are We at Implementing Evidence to Support the Management of Birth Related Perineal Trauma? A UK Wide Survey of Midwifery Practice’ (2012) 12 BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
Bick, Debra and others, Postnatal Care: Evidence and Guidelines for Management (2nd ed, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier 2009)
Borders, N., ‘After the Afterbirth: A Critical Review of Postpartum Health Relative to Method of Delivery’ (2006) 51 Journal of midwifery & women’s health
Boyle, Maureen, Wound Healing in Midwifery (Radcliffe Publishing 2006)
Caroci, A. S. and M. L. G. Riesco, ‘A Comparison of “Hands off” versus “Hands on” Techniques for Decreasing Perineal Lacerations during Birth’ (2006) 51 Journal of midwifery & women’s health
Carroli, G. and L. Mignini, ‘Episiotomy for Vaginal Birth’ [2009] The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Chapman, V., ‘Perineal Trauma and Suturing’, The midwife’s labour and birth handbook (2nd ed, Wiley-Blackwell 2009)
Chapman V, ‘Clinical Skills: Issues Affecting the Left-Handed Midwife’ (2009) 17 British Journal of Midwifery 588
Dudding TC, Vaizey CJ and Camm MA, ‘Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury: Incidence, Risk Factors and Management (Review)’ (2008) 247 Annals of surgery 224
East, C, ‘Perineal Pain Following Childbirth: Prevalence’, (2012) 28 Midwifery 93 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21236531>
‘Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An Interagency Statement’
‘Female Genital Mutilation’
Fernando, R. J., ‘Risk Factors and Management of Obstetric Perineal Injury’ (2007) 17 Obstetrics, gynaecology & reproductive medicine
Fleming, N., E. R. Newton and J. Roberts, ‘Changes in Postpartum Perineal Muscle Function in Women with and without Episiotomies’ (2003) 48 Journal of midwifery & women’s health
Fornell EU, ‘Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury Ten Years after: Subjective and Objective Long Term Effects’ (2005) 112 BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 312 <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00400.x/pdf>
Groom, K. M. and S. Paterson-Brown, ‘Can We Improve on the Diagnosis of Third Degree Tears?’ (2002) 101 European journal of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive biology
Gupta, J. K., G. J. Hofmeyr and R. Smyth, ‘Position in the Second Stage of Labour for Women without Epidural Anaesthesia’ [2004] The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Gurol-Urganci I and others, ‘Third- and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears among Primiparous Women in England between 2000 and 2012: Time Trends and Risk Factors’ [2013] BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Hartmann, K...[et al], ‘Outcomes of Routine Episiotomy: A Systematic Review’ (2005) 293 JAMA the journal of the American Medical Association
Hedayati, H., J. Parsons, and C. A. Crowther, ‘Rectal Analgesia for Pain from Perineal Trauma Following Childbirth’ [2003] The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Henderson, Christine and Bick, Debra, Perineal Care: An International Issue, vol Current issues in midwifery series (Quay 2005)
‘How to Suture Correctly - Royal College of Midwives’ <http://www.rcm.org.uk/midwives/features/how-to-suture-correctly/>
Kettle, C. and M. D. Raynor, ‘Perineal Management and Repair’, Advancing skills in midwifery practice (Churchill Livingstone Elsevier 2010)
Kettle, C., R. K. Hills and K. M. K. Ismail, ‘Continuous versus Interrupted Sutures for Repair of Episiotomy or Second Degree Tears’ [2007] The Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Kettle, C...[et al], ‘Continuous versus Interrupted Perineal Repair with Standard or Rapidly Absorbed Sutures after Spontaneous Vaginal Birth: A Randomised Controlled Trial’ (2002) 359 The lancet
Lee, B., ‘Are You Sitting Comfortably? Issues around Perineal Trauma’ (2002) 5 RCM midwives journal
Lewis, G. (ed), The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE), ‘Saving Mothers’ Lives : Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safer - 2006-2008 : The Eighth Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom’ (2011) 118 BJOG an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
Lewis, Gwyneth, Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths (Great Britain), and Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (Great Britain), Saving Mothers’ Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safer - 2003-2005 : The Seventh Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom (Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health 2007)
Lieberman E and O’Donoghue C, ‘Unintended Effects of Epidural Analgesia during Labor: A Systematic Review’ (2002) 186 American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology S31 <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00029378/186/5/supp/S>
Lockhat, Haseena, Female Genital Mutilation: Treating the Tears (Middlesex University Press 2004)
Lundquist, M...[et al], ‘Is It Necessary to Suture All Lacerations after a Vaginal Delivery?’ (2000) 27 Birth
Macarthur, A.J. and C. Macarthur, ‘Incidence, Severity, and Determinants of Perineal Pain after Vaginal Delivery: A Prospective Cohort Study’ (2004) 191 American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
MacArthur, C...[et al], ‘Faecal Incontinence and Mode of First and Subsequent Delivery: A Six-Year Longitudinal Study’ (2005) 112 British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 1075
Mackrodt, C...[et al], ‘The Ipswich Childbirth Study: 2. A Randomised Comparison of Polyglactin 910 with Chromic Catgut for Postpartum Perineal Repair’ (1998) 105 British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 441 <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10131.x/pdf>
——, ‘How Cost Effective Is It to Leave Perineal Skin Unsutured’ (2001) 9 British journal of midwifery 209
‘Management of Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Postpartum Period in the Presence of Female Genital Mutilation: Report of a WHO Technical Consultation’
‘Management of Third and Fourth Degree Perineal Tears Following Vaginal Delivery; Guideline No 29’
McCandlish, R...[et al], ‘A Randomised Controlled Trial of Care of the Perineum during Second Stage of Normal Labour’ (1998) 105 British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 1262 <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10004.x/pdf>
——, ‘The HOOP Study: Robust Evidence for Perineal Care?’ (2003) 11 British journal of midwifery
Mei-dan, E...[et al], ‘Perineal Massage during Pregnancy: A Prospective Controlled Trial’ (2008) 10 Israel journal of medical sciences
Metcalfe, A...[et al], ‘A Pragmatic Tool for the Measurement of Perineal Tears’ (2002) 10 British journal of midwifery
Momoh, Comfort, Female Genital Mutilation (Radcliffe Pub 2005)
——, Female Genital Mutilation: An RCN Educational Resource for Nursing and Midwifery Staff (Royal College of Nursing 2006)
Myrfield, K., C. Brook and D. Creedy, ‘Reducing Perineal Trauma: Implications of Flexion and Extension of the Fetal Head during Birth’ (1997) 13 Midwifery
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain) and National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (Great Britain), Routine Postnatal Care of Women and Their Babies, vol NICE clinical guideline (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2006)
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain) and National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (Great Britain), Intrapartum Care: Care of Healthy Women and Their Babies during Childbirth, vol NICE clinical guideline (National Institute for Clinical Excellence 2007)
‘National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)’
‘National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit’
‘NHS Health Quality’
Nichols, C. M...[et al], ‘Anal Sphincter Defects and Bowel Symptoms in Women with and without Recognised Anal Sphinter Trauma’ (2006) 194 American journal of obstetrics and gynecology
Norton, C...[et al], ‘Anal Incontinence’, Incontinence (2nd edn, Plymouth: Health Publication Ltd 2002)
Oberwalder, M., J. Connor and S. D. Wexner, ‘Meta-Analysis to Determine the Incidence of Obstetric Anal Sphincter Damage’ (2003) 90 British journal of surgery
Oboro, V. O...[et al], ‘A Multicentre Evaluation of the Two-Layered Repair of Postpartum Perineal Trauma’ (2003) 23 Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
‘Obstetric Anal Spincter Injury: 7 Critical Questions about Care’
Oliver, Paul, Succeeding with Your Literature Review: A Handbook for Students, vol Open UP study skills (Open University Press 2012)
Power, D., M. Fitzpatrick and C. O’Herlihy, ‘Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury: How to Avoid, How to Repair: A Literature Review’ (2006) 55 The journal of family practice
‘Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists’
Shorten, A., J. Donsante and B. Shorten, ‘Birth Position, Accoucheur, and Perineal Outcomes: Informing Women about Choices for Vaginal Birth’ (2002) 29 Birth
Sleep, J. and A. Grant, ‘West Berkshire Perineal Management Trial: Three Year Follow-Up’ (1987) 295 British medical journal
Sleep, J...[et al], ‘West Berkshire Perineal Management Trial’ (1984) 289 British medical journal
Stamp, G., G. Kruzins and C. Crowther, ‘Perineal Massage in Labour and Prevention of Perineal Trauma: Randomised Controlled Trial’ (2001) 322 BMJ : British medical journal / British Medical Association
Steen M and Marchant P, ‘Alleviating Perineal Trauma the APT Study’ (2001) 4 RCM midwives journal 256
Steen, M...[et al], ‘A Randomised Controlled Trial to Compare the Effectiveness of Ice-Packs and Epifoam with Cooling Maternity Gel Pads at Alleviating Postnatal Perineal Trauma’ (2000) 16 Midwifery
Sultan, A. H. and K. Kettle, ‘Diagnosis of Perineal Trauma’, Perineal and anal sphincter trauma: diagnosis and clinical management (Springer 2009)
Sultan, Abdul H., Thakar, Ranee, and Fenner, Dee E., Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma: Diagnosis and Clinical Management (Springer 2009)
Symon, A., ‘Third Degree Tears: The Three Stage Negligence Test’ (2008) 16 British journal of midwifery
Thacker, S. B., ‘Midline versus Mediolateral Episiotomy’ (2000) 320 BMJ : British medical journal / British Medical Association
‘The Birth Trauma Association’
‘The Royal College of Midwives’
Wickham S, ‘Research Unwrapped: Preventing Perineal Damage in Childbirth’ (2007) 10 The practising midwife: the voice of clinical midwifery 37
Williams, A...[et al], ‘Women’s Experiences after a Third-Degree Obstetric Anal Sphincter Tear: A Qualitative Study’ (2005) 32 Birth
——, ‘How to Repair an Anal Sphincter Injury after Vaginal Delivery: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial’ (2006) 113 British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
Wilson AE, ‘Effectiveness of an Educational Programme in Perineal Repair for Midwives’ (2012) 28 Midwifery 236
‘World Health Organisation’
World Health Organisation Study Group on Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome, ‘Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome: WHO Collaborative Prospective Study in Six African Countries’ (2006) 367 The lancet