1.
Albers, L..[et al]. Body mass index, midwifery intrapartum care, and childbirth lacerations. Journal of midwifery & women’s health 51, (2006).
2.
Albers, L...[et al]. Factors related to genital tract trauma in normal spontaneous vaginal births. Birth 33, (2006).
3.
Albers, L...[et al]. Midwifery care measures in the second stage of labor and reduction of genital tract trauma at birth: a randomised trial. Journal of midwifery & women’s health 50, (2005).
4.
Andrews, V...[et al]. Occult anal sphincter injuries - myth or reality? British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 113, (2006).
5.
Andrews, Gilly. Women’s sexual health. (Elsevier, 2005).
6.
Aasheim, V., Nilsen, A. B. V., Lukasse, M. & Reinar, L. M. Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1996).
7.
Beckmann, M. M. and A. J. Garratt. Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2006).
8.
Bick, Debra, MacArthur, Christine, Winter, Heather, Mott, Kathy de, & Ritchie, Gill. Postnatal care: evidence and guidelines for management. (Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2009).
9.
Bick, D. E. et al. How good are we at implementing evidence to support the management of birth related perineal trauma? A UK wide survey of midwifery practice. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 12, (2012).
10.
Bick, D. E. et al. PErineal Assessment and Repair Longitudinal Study (PEARLS): protocol for a matched pair cluster trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 10, (2010).
11.
Borders, N. After the afterbirth: A critical review of postpartum health relative to method of delivery. Journal of midwifery & women’s health 51, (2006).
12.
Boyle, Maureen. Wound healing in midwifery. (Radcliffe Publishing, 2006).
13.
Caroci, A. S. and M. L. G. Riesco. A comparison of ‘hands off’ versus ‘hands on’ techniques for decreasing perineal lacerations during birth. Journal of midwifery & women’s health 51, (2006).
14.
Carroli, G. and L. Mignini. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2009).
15.
Chapman, V. Perineal trauma and suturing. in The midwife’s labour and birth handbook (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009).
16.
Dudding, T. C., Vaizey, C. J. & Camm, M. A. Obstetric anal sphincter injury: incidence, risk factors and management (Review). Annals of surgery 247, 224–237 (2008).
17.
East, C. Perineal pain following childbirth: prevalence,. Midwifery 28, 93–97 (2012).
18.
Fernando, R. J. Risk factors and management of obstetric perineal injury. Obstetrics, gynaecology & reproductive medicine 17, (2007).
19.
Fleming, N., E. R. Newton and J. Roberts. Changes in postpartum perineal muscle function in women with and without episiotomies. Journal of midwifery & women’s health 48, (2003).
20.
Chapman, V. Clinical skills: issues affecting the left-handed midwife. British Journal of Midwifery 17, 588–592 (2009).
21.
Fornell, E. U. Obstetric anal sphincter injury ten years after: subjective and objective long term effects. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 112, 312–316 (2005).
22.
Gupta, J. K., G. J. Hofmeyr and R. Smyth. Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2004).
23.
Gurol-Urganci, I. et al. Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk factors. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (2013) doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12363.
24.
Groom, K. M. and S. Paterson-Brown. Can we improve on the diagnosis of third degree tears? European journal of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive biology 101, (2002).
25.
Hartmann, K...[et al]. Outcomes of routine episiotomy: A systematic review. JAMA the journal of the American Medical Association 293, (2005).
26.
Hedayati, H., J. Parsons, and C. A. Crowther. Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2003).
27.
Henderson, Christine & Bick, Debra. Perineal care: an international issue. vol. Current issues in midwifery series (Quay, 2005).
28.
Kettle, C. and M. D. Raynor. Perineal management and repair. in Advancing skills in midwifery practice (Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2010).
29.
Kettle, C., R. K. Hills and K. M. K. Ismail. Continuous versus interrupted sutures for repair of episiotomy or second degree tears. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2007).
30.
Kettle, C...[et al]. Continuous versus interrupted perineal repair with standard or rapidly absorbed sutures after spontaneous vaginal birth: a randomised controlled trial. The lancet 359, (2002).
31.
Lewis, Gwyneth, Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths (Great Britain), & Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (Great Britain). Saving mothers’ lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer - 2003-2005 : the seventh report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. (Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health, 2007).
32.
Lewis, G. (ed), The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE). Saving mothers’ lives : reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer - 2006-2008 : the eighth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 118, (2011).
33.
Lee, B. Are you sitting comfortably? Issues around perineal trauma. RCM midwives journal 5, (2002).
34.
Lieberman, E. & O’Donoghue, C. Unintended effects of epidural analgesia during labor: a systematic review. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 186, S31–S68 (2002).
35.
Lockhat, Haseena. Female genital mutilation: treating the tears. (Middlesex University Press, 2004).
36.
Lundquist, M...[et al]. Is it necessary to suture all lacerations after a vaginal delivery? Birth 27, (2000).
37.
MacArthur, C...[et al]. Faecal incontinence and mode of first and subsequent delivery: a six-year longitudinal study. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 112, 1075–1082 (2005).
38.
Macarthur, A.J. and C. Macarthur. Incidence, severity, and determinants of perineal pain after vaginal delivery: A prospective cohort study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 191, (2004).
39.
Mackrodt, C...[et al]. The Ipswich childbirth study: 2. A randomised comparison of polyglactin 910 with chromic catgut for postpartum perineal repair. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 105, 441–445 (1998).
40.
Mackrodt, C...[et al]. How cost effective is it to leave perineal skin unsutured. British journal of midwifery 9, 209–214 (2001).
41.
McCandlish, R...[et al]. The HOOP study: robust evidence for perineal care? British journal of midwifery 11, (2003).
42.
McCandlish, R...[et al]. A randomised controlled trial of care of the perineum during second stage of normal labour. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 105, 1262–1272 (1998).
43.
Mei-dan, E...[et al]. Perineal massage during pregnancy: a prospective controlled trial. Israel journal of medical sciences 10, (2008).
44.
Metcalfe, A...[et al]. A pragmatic tool for the measurement of perineal tears. British journal of midwifery 10, (2002).
45.
Momoh, Comfort. Female genital mutilation. (Radcliffe Pub, 2005).
46.
Myrfield, K., C. Brook and D. Creedy. Reducing perineal trauma: implications of flexion and extension of the fetal head during birth. Midwifery 13, (1997).
47.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain) & National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (Great Britain). Intrapartum care: care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth. vol. NICE clinical guideline (National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2007).
48.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Great Britain) & National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (Great Britain). Routine postnatal care of women and their babies. vol. NICE clinical guideline (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2006).
49.
Nichols, C. M...[et al]. Anal sphincter defects and bowel symptoms in women with and without recognised anal sphinter trauma. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 194, (2006).
50.
Oberwalder, M., J. Connor and S. D. Wexner. Meta-analysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage. British journal of surgery 90, (2003).
51.
Norton, C...[et al]. Anal incontinence. in Incontinence (Plymouth: Health Publication Ltd, 2002).
52.
Oboro, V. O...[et al]. A multicentre evaluation of the two-layered repair of postpartum perineal trauma. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 23, (2003).
53.
Oliver, Paul. Succeeding with your literature review: a handbook for students. vol. Open UP study skills (Open University Press, 2012).
54.
Power, D., M. Fitzpatrick and C. O’Herlihy. Obstetric anal sphincter injury: How to avoid, how to repair: A literature review. The journal of family practice 55, (2006).
55.
Management of third and fourth degree perineal tears following vaginal delivery; Guideline no 29.
56.
Momoh, Comfort, Barber, Gillian, Basak, Carolyn, & Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain). Female genital mutilation: an RCN educational resource for nursing and midwifery staff. (Royal College of Nursing, 2006).
57.
Shorten, A., J. Donsante and B. Shorten. Birth position, accoucheur, and perineal outcomes: Informing women about choices for vaginal birth. Birth 29, (2002).
58.
Sleep, J...[et al]. West Berkshire perineal management trial. British medical journal 289, (1984).
59.
Sleep, J. and A. Grant. West Berkshire perineal management trial: three year follow-up. British medical journal 295, (1987).
60.
Stamp, G., G. Kruzins and C. Crowther. Perineal massage in labour and prevention of perineal trauma: randomised controlled trial. BMJ : British medical journal / British Medical Association 322, (2001).
61.
Steen, M. & Marchant, P. Alleviating perineal trauma the APT study. RCM midwives journal 4, 256–259 (2001).
62.
Steen, M...[et al]. A randomised controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of ice-packs and epifoam with cooling maternity gel pads at alleviating postnatal perineal trauma. Midwifery 16, (2000).
63.
Sultan, Abdul H., Thakar, Ranee, & Fenner, Dee E. Perineal and anal sphincter trauma: diagnosis and clinical management. (Springer, 2009).
64.
Sultan, A. H. and K. Kettle. Diagnosis of perineal trauma. in Perineal and anal sphincter trauma: diagnosis and clinical management (Springer, 2009).
65.
Obstetric anal spincter injury: 7 critical questions about care.
66.
Symon, A. Third degree tears: the three stage negligence test. British journal of midwifery 16, (2008).
67.
Wilson, A. E. Effectiveness of an educational programme in perineal repair for midwives. Midwifery 28, 236–246 (2012).
68.
Thacker, S. B. Midline versus mediolateral episiotomy. BMJ : British medical journal / British Medical Association 320, (2000).
69.
How to suture correctly - Royal College of Midwives. http://www.rcm.org.uk/midwives/features/how-to-suture-correctly/.
70.
Wickham, S. Research unwrapped: Preventing perineal damage in childbirth. The practising midwife: the voice of clinical midwifery 10, 37–39 (2007).
71.
Williams, A...[et al]. Women’s experiences after a third-degree obstetric anal sphincter tear: A qualitative study. Birth 32, (2005).
72.
Williams, A...[et al]. How to repair an anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery: results of a randomised controlled trial. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 113, (2006).
73.
World Health Organisation Study Group on Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome. Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries. The lancet 367, (2006).
74.
Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement.
75.
Management of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period in the presence of female genital mutilation: Report of a WHO Technical Consultation.
76.
The Birth Trauma Association.
78.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE).
79.
The Royal College of Midwives.
80.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.
81.
World Health Organisation.
82.
Female genital mutilation.
83.
National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit.